Scientific American Volume 74 Number 14 (April 1896)

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fEnterprt at the Post Offloe of New York, N. T., as Second riaaa matter. CopTrtght, 189n, by Mnnn & Co.]

A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS. CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.

Vol. I.XXIV. — No, 14.

Established 1845,

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NEW YORK, APRIL 4, 1896

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NIAGARA FALLS POWEE PLANT-ONE OF THE 5.000 HOESE POWEE TUEBINE WHEELS.-[See page 315.]

© 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

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[April 4, 1896.

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NEW YORK, SATURDAY, APRIL 4, 1896.

(Illustrated art.icies are marked with an asterisk.)

Acetylene Kas, ignitiontempera-

ture 214

Barometer scale, the (6811) 220

Bees, the work of 215

Bicycle rims, steel, press for

making* 216

Buildings, high, stability of 214

Car brake, Gabler's* 212

Casey, Gen.T. L 211

Colds, novel cure for 214

Dumb waiter, Larsen's* 213

Dynamograph, a* 213

Earthquake in Maine 211

Electric railway problem 218

Fairs next fall 214

Feed mill, the Robinson* 213

Frosting a skylight (6805) 220

Geological expedition to Pata-
gonia 215

Granite, mountain of 219

Greeley. Arthur P 214

Horseless carriage competition.. 219

Ice. the strength of 211

Inventions recently patented.. • 220
Inventors, victimizing 210

Labels, gums for (6304) 220

Lawn sprinkler, Ashton's* 212

Lick Observatory 210

Lizard, the frilled* 217

Lumber destroyed b> fungus — 214
Morphine victims untruthful. . .. 218

Niagara Falls power plant* 209

Paper manufacture, the 211

Patents granted, weekly record

of 221

Railway, the Siberian 215

Science notes 214

Scientific work, progress of 218

Shaft, deepest, in the world 218

Solar eclipse of 1896, the 210

Tapping machine, a horizontal.. 212
Telephoning from moving cars* 216

Thermophone, the 217

Trees, large, transplanting 213

Turbine wheel, 5,000 borse

power* 209

Watchman's time recorder,

Rels" 212

Water, drinking, purification of 212
Xray focus tube* 218

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT

IsTo. 1057.

For the IVeek Endliis April 4, 1896.

Price 10 centa For sale by all newsdealers.

page
I. AUTOCARS.- Mechanical Road Carriages.- By W. Worby Beau-
mont, M. Inst. C.B.-Cantor lectures before the Society of Arts.—
Lecture III.— The continuation of this exhaustive paper, illustrat-
ing the mechanism of gome of the most successful modem mo-
tor can iages.— 7 illustrations 16898

It. BOAT BUILDING.-How to Build a Miniature Yacht.- By W. J.
Henderson.— A practical article 16899

III. CHBMISTRY.-The Story of Helium.- By J. Norman LocK-
YBR.— Chapter 11.— The conclusion of this authoritative paper on
the newly discovered hellum.—6 illustrations 16900

IV. CIVIL ENGINBBRINH.—Palntasa Protection for Iron.-By A.
E. Custer and P. P. Smith.— An abstract from the proceedings
of the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia, with the discussion by a
number of engineers 16896

V. MBUIClNE.-On Vivisection.- By Prof. Theophilus Parvin... 16902

VI. MINING ENGINEERING.— Experiments on the Action of Flame-
less Explosives upon the Fire Damp and Coal Dust.-This paper
gives the result of an elaborate series of experiments ontheuse
of fiameless explosives conducted by the North of England In-
stitute of Mining and Mechanical Eiigineers.— 2 illustrations 16887

VII. MISCELLANEOUS.- Desert Land in Arizona 16S01

Engineering Nfotes 16893

Electrical Notes 16893

Miscellaneous Notes 16893

Strength of European Armies 16892

Selected Formulae 16892

VIII. PHYSICS.-The Cathode Raye.— By Jean Perrin 16888

Certain Properties of Roentgen's Rays.- By Jean Pbbrin 16888

Electrical Phenomena Produced by tbe Roentgen Rays.— By A.

Righi 16889

Edison's Roentgen's Rays Experiments.- By Edwin J. Hous-
ton and A. B. Kennblly.— 3 Illustrations, 16889

Experiments with Roentgen's Rays.- i>y albert Nodon 16888

On the Application of Roentgen's Rays in Surgical Diagnosis.—

By MM. LANNELONOE and OUDIN 16889

On the Utility of Photographs in Human Pathology Taken by
Means of the x Rays.— By MM. LANNELONOUE, Babthelemy

and OUDIN 16888

Proofs Obtained by Means of Roentgen's Procedures.— By H.

DUFOUR. 16889

Influence of the Chemical Nature of Substances and Their Per-
meability by the Roengen Rays.— By Maurice Meslans 16888

Permeability of Metals for the X Rays.- By V.Chabaud 16888

On the Depression of Explosive Potentials, Static and Dynamic,
by the X Ilays.-ByM. R. Swyngedauw. — This valuable series
oi eleven notes by leading physicists gives the results of many
Important experiments on the Roentgen rays and their applications 16889

IX. TECHNOLOGY. - Acetylene Apparatus. — By T. O'Conor
Sloane. Ph.D.— This article describes various methodn of gener-
rating and burning acetylene gas produced from calcium carbide.
—The apparatus described can be made on a small or large scale,
as desired. —A valuable paper on the manufacture of the new illu-
minant, also describing its application for use in microscopy
and for the lantern.— 7 illustrations 16890

The Porcelain Works at Meissen.- This paper gives a descrip-
tion of the various processes used in the manufacture of Dresden
china, including tbe preparation of the raw material, making,
painting, glazing and flilna tbe ware.— 13 Ulostratlona 16891

THE VICTIHIZINO OF INVENTOSS.
The classof inventors has been selected by the fram-
ersof our Constitution and laws as one specially worthy
of protection. The patent statutes are based on a
clause of the Constitution especially providing tor their
encouragement, and the courts of the United States
have devoted many sessions to adjudication of patent
cases, the simple procuring of letters patent putting
the humblest inventor in position to appeal to the
highest class of Federal tribunals for the determina-
tion of his rights. The old time opinions of the judges
in these cases are agreeable reading. They take the
ground that the inventor requires special guardianship
in his rights, the fact being recognized that the man
of creative genius is often impracticable in business
matters.

Unfortunately, there is another class of men who
have adopted this opinion concerning inventors, and
who try their best to exploit the community of pa-
tentees for their own benefit and to the accompanying
detriment of their clientage. When letters patent are
awarded, the drawings and claims of tlie patent
and the inventor's name are published in the Official
Gazette of the United States Patent Office. This ap-
peals at once to a large number of sharks, calling them-
selves '• patent agents," who seeiu the inventor a pos-
sible source of revenue. As soon as his patent is
issued the inventor therefore begins to receive letters
from various self-extolled concerns, recommending
him to do various things, to sipply for foreign patents,
or to permit the correspondents to act as his agents
for the sale of his patent on commission.

Many of these letters and circulars contain state-
ments that are absolutely fraudulent. The inventor,
for example, will be urged to apply for foreign patents
in England, France and Germany and other countries,
when the agent is perfectly well aware that after the
patent has issued in the United States and been pub-
lished in the Patent Office Gazette, valid patents
cannot be procured in those countries, except under
the international convention, which he is seldom able
to avail himself of. The patent shark relies upon the
ignorance of this fact on the part of the inventor to
protect him in his nefarious traffic. He is also pro-
tected from detection by the fact that in many foreign
countries there is no examination as to novelty, and, in
due course, and after the payment of the government
fees, the patent will issue and he will be provided with
the letters patent certificate to present to his "client,"
who sleeps in blissful ignorance of the fact that the
documents arenot worth the paper they are printed on.
In many cases the fees upon examination will be
found to be phenomenally low and the inventor will
snap at what seems to him a bargain, simply to find
that in Germany, perhaps, he has procured a Ge-
brauchsmuster, or model of utility patent, instead of
a patent ; or in Canada, he may be led to believe that
he has procured a patent for one year when he has
simply filed a declaration of intention, which affords
no true protection.

It is after an inventor is enticed into correspond-
ence with such firms that his troubles begin. He is
probably told that his patent has been examined and
found valuable, that otherwise the correspondence
would never have been initiated. Perhaps he is told
that the correspondent is the American representative
of an "International bureau for procuring patents,
with main offices in all the principal capitals of Eur-
ope," and that the foreign office has examined the
patent, and has found it peculiarly well adapted for
the old world.

The inventor, almost of necessity of sanguine tem-
perament, has his hopes easily raised. His probably
rather exalted idea of the merits of his invention is
still further increased, and he is induced to put him-
self in the hands of the firm. He is then exploited to
the best of the practiced ability of the "firm." He
is advised to engage them as patent agents f6r for-
eign patents, and perhaps he is told that they have a
purchaser for the patent, provided the inventor will
take out a certain number of foreign patents. He is
exhorted to invest capital if he has it, if not, to get
money from his friends and to organize a company.
Perhaps an alleged sale of his patent or of partial
i rights in it will be made and a check conveniently
! dated a mouth or more in advance will be shown him
— a check which, of course, is never collected. These
are no fancy sketches — precisely such lines of action
are followed by numerous concerns. It has even gone
so far that a si'iiilarity of name has been used to dis
honestly impress the inventor with the idea that he is
dealing with a firm of reputation.

The conservative patent agent who will give honest
advice as to the patentability of an invention, but who
will long hesitate before either approving or condemn-
ing its practical utility, and the probability of its suc-
cess, is the one who can be trusted to conduct the busi-
ness properly. The agent who has no conscience will
urge the inventor to apply for a patent, even though
be is aware that the device is not patentable.

The public is the final judge of the merit of inven-
tions — directly or indirectly their value is settled at
that tribunal— and the value of a patent can rarely be

predicted with certainty. Every patent has to stand
on its own merits ; its exploiting must depend on the
ground it covers, for a different clientele is to be
reached by each invention.

The remedy for this state of things is simplicity
itself : it is to be careful with whom you deal. The
issuing of circulars tending to inflate the hopes of
patentees is in itself a bad sign, as far as the standing
of the firm issuing such circulars is concerned.

Deal only with attorneys of known integrity whose
long record of service makes them well known and
who have been tried and have not been found wanting.

THE LICK OBSERVATOBY EXPEDITION TO OBSEBVE
THE TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF AUGUST, 1896, IN
JAPAN.

BY DR. EDWARD S. HOLIBN.

It is proposed to send an expedition from the Liek
Observatory to observe the total solar eclipse of Au-
gust next in Japan. The necessary expenses of the
expedition will be met from a fund provided by Col.
C. F. Crocker, one of the Regents of the University
of California and a member of the standing committee
on the Lick Observatory.

The expedition will be under the charge of Prof.
Schaeberle.

Its progiamme will be wholly photographic in char-
acter. Prof. Schaeberle will make large scale photo-
graphs of the corona with a lens of 40 feet focus (giv-
ing an image of the sun about 4^% inches in diametei
on a plate 18 X 20 inches) on the plan so success-
fully carried out by him at the Chile eclipse of April,
1893.

All difficulties in the mounting of so long-focused a
lens are avoided by keeping the lens stationary and
making the carriage for the sensitive plates movable.
The lens is placed in the proper position for seeing the
sun during totality. A large canvas tube (40 feet long)
is stretched over a frame of gas pipe tubing. At the
further end of this frame is an inclined railway carry-
ing a holder for the negative plates (18 X 30). A clock-
work drives the frame at tbe proper speed. The ob-
server is stationed inside of his telescope, and makes
the exposures according to a programme fixed before-
hand. Some of the exposures will be very short, in
order to obtain the finer details (only) close to the sun'i:
edge. Others will be longer to obtain details further
out, and these plates will sacrifice some of the details
close to the edge, for these [regions will be overexposed.

A study of all the plates obtained in this fashion will
give a complete account of the whole corona, though
no single plate will do so.

Mr. Charles Burckhalter, director of the Chabot Ob-
servatory, in Oakland, some time ago imagined a plan
for giving the correct exposure for each part of every
plate at an eclipse. He will accompany the Lick Ob-
servatory expedition to Japan and will make a trial of
this plan, using a telescope of 4 inches in aperture and
of 15 feet focus, specially made for the eclipse at the
cost of Hon. W. M. Pierson, of San Francisco. (The
image of the moon is about 1^ inches in diameter.)

This telescope will be mounted equatorially and will
follow the sun. The image of the eclipsed sun will fall
on the negative plate, in front of which is a rapidly
rotating diaphragm. (The plate has a hole in its cen-
ter through which passes an axis driven by clockwork.
On the end of the axis in front of the plate, and close
to it, is a rotating fan or diaphragm.) The diaphragm
is cut into the shape of a double cam, one cam being
inverted, so that it is perfectly in balance, and it makes
about five revolutions per second.

One of the double cams has such an outline that if
the corona at the moon's edge has an exposure of one
second, the exposures elsewhere will be :

At 96' from the edge ... 4 eeconde.

86'

14
30

" 108' " " " 24 "

Other differently shaped cams are provided, each
ready for operation, with its clock, in its special plate
holder. When the plate holder is lifted, the clock
starts automatically and runs for about 15 minutes.
Five or six such plates will be exposed during totality.
Each plate will be exposed much longer at the outer
limits of the corona (where the light is weakest) than
at the inner limit (where the light is strongest). It is
therefore hoped to secure, in this way, a photograph
of the corona on a single plate, every part of which
has received the proper exposure. This single plate
will then exhibit all the details of the corona, and it
will no longer be necessary to build up, as it were, the
real corona from a series of plates (each one of which
is underexposed for one region, overexposed for an-
other, and correctly timed for another).

Mr. Burckhalter's ingenious plan deserves a trial.
The only difficulties in the way are mechanical ones,
and these are now supposed to be conquered.

Besides the 40 foot lens Prof. Schaeberle will take
with him a 5 inch photographic refractor (presented
to the Lick Observatory by Miss Floyd) and a Dall-
meyer portrait lens of 6 inches aperture (lent by Hon.
W. M. Pierson).

The former instrument will be used to make small

) 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

April 4, 1896.]

Mtunixiit ^mtxUm.

211

scale photographs (on 5x7 plates) of the corona and
surrounding stars (and possibly comets) ; and at least
two of these plates will be impressed with squares of
Is, 2s, 4s, 8s, 16s, exposure from a standard lamp be-
fore they are exposed to the light of the corona.
When they are developed, the squares of standard in-
tensity will appear attlie same time with the image of
the corona, and a photometric measure of the bright-
ness of the latter is thus possible, in terms of the
brightness of the standard lamp. Tliis plan (first car-
ried out by the Harvard College Observatory) has
been followed at all the eclipses observed by Lick
Observatory parties, viz., January, 1889; December,
1889; and April, 1893,

The portrait lens will serve to register the extension
of the corona and a wide field of stars (and any pos-
sible new planet),

Messrs. G, E. Shuey and Louis C. Hasten will go
with the party as volunteer assistants and will be in
charge of the smaller instruments. Prof. H. Terao,
director of the Imperial Observatory of Tokyo, has
kindly offered to select a member of the staff of his ob-
servatory to accompany the Lick Observatory expe-
dition, as one of its members.

The Hon, Secretary of State, the United States Min-
ister and Consul-General in Japan will do all in their
power to forward our plans. It is to be hoped that
the expedition may meet with good weather and re-
turn with results which will reward its labors.

THE HANTTFACTUBE OF FAFEB.

Prominent among the greater industries of the
Uiiited States, which have grown to large propor-
tions during the past twenty-five years, is that which
is devoted to the manufacture of paper. At arecent
meeting of the American Paper Manufacturers' Asso-
ciation the president stated that the association was
formed about eighteen years ago, and that the paper
business had since taken on a rapid growth. At that
time the manufacture of paper in the Uuited States
had grown to such au extent after the war that the
capacity of the mills in 1878 in the production of pa-
per amounted to nearly 3,000 tons of product per day.
To-day the capacity of the mill product in this coun-
try is about 12,000 tons per day.

The general public has little idea of the size and
cost of an average paper mill. The finished product,
as we see it inour books and our daily newspaper, is so
familiar, and the materials of which it is popularly
supposed to be made are so cheap, and for most other
purposes worthless, that to many it will be a sur-
prise to learn that an average paper mill costs from
$1,000,000 to 13,000,000 to build and equip. It is capa-
ble of turning out some 40 tons of paper per day,
and to run the machinery requires boilers and en-
gines of not less than 3,000 horse power. For wash-
ing the pulp, etc., there will be required 4,000,000
gallons of water per day, or enough to supply a city of
50,U00 inhabitants, and the whole of that supply must
be filtered by the most approved modern processes.

The manufacture of the paper may be broadly
separated into two processes, consisting, first, in the
preparation of the pulp, and secondly, in the forma-
tion of the paper from the pulp.

I. The Preparation of the Pulp.— The popular idea
that paper is made from rags is true only of fine
writing paper, which is made entirely from this mate-
rial ; but newspapers and most book papers are made
entirely from wood. The better class of book paper
is made from wood and a small percentage of rag.
There are two kinds of wood pulp.

1. Ground or Mechanical Wood Pulp,— This is made
by grinding the ends of spruce wood logs against re-
volving emery wheels. This is done under water, and
the result is a finely divided wet sawdust. The wood
retains all its natural gums and acids and has no fiber.
It must be used with some more fibrous material, such
as chemical wood pulp. This is the cheapest form of
pulp, and it is therefore only used for newspapers and
so-called manila wrappings.

2. Chemical Wood Pulp is made from spruce or
poplar. The timber comes to the mill in barked logs,
which are four feet long, and have had all the knots
carefully bored out. The logs are fed into a " chipper,"
in which the knives are arranged at an angle of 45 de-
grees to the center line of the machine. These knives
cut the logs diagonally to the grain into "chips"
which are half an inch long. The chips are conveyed
to " digesters," which are upright cylinders 7 or 8 feet
in diameter and 30 feet long. If sriruce wood chips
are being used, they are treated by the acid process,
the digesters being lined with acidproof brick. The
acid liquor is obtained by mechanically combining
sulphurous acid gas with milk of lime, and forming a
bisulphite of lime. The digesters are filled with chips
and liquor in proper proportions, and ara then her-
metically sealed. Live steam is introduced, and the
chips are boiled for eight hours under a pressure of 110
pounds to the square inch.

If the chips are made from poplar, the process is the
same, except that the liquid is made from caustic soda
ash and water.

After the boiling is completed, the contents of the
digesters are blown out into a receiver, where it pre-
sents the appearance of a ma.<!S of soft pulp. The
liquor is then washed out ; and after the pulp has been
bleached, it so closely resembles the rag pulp, which is
used in the manufacture of fine book paper and writ-
ing paper, that only an expert can tell the difference,
both being a pure vegetable cellulose. The pulp is
now subjected to a process of beating and macerating,
to reduce it to the proper consistency; and at this
stage coloring may be added to give any desired shade.
A certain amount of sizing is also introduced — the siz-
ing being made from resin "cut" with soda ash — for
the purpose of giving impermeability to moisture and
a firm surface; otherwise the product would be a
simple blotting paper.

The pulp is now ready to go to the paper machine.
It should be noted here that newspaper pulp is formed
of 80 per cent ground pulp and 20 per cent chemical
pulp. Book paper is formed entirely of chemical
pulp.

II, The Paper Machine. — If he bear in mind the
frail nature of the article which it is designed to
handle, the visitor to a paper mill will be astonished
at the great size and weight and the massive strength
of a paper mill.

At first sight, the massive cast iron and steel frame,
from eight to ten feet wide, and from one hundred and
fifty to one hundred and seventy-five feet long, ap-
pears to be better fitted to manufacture iron and
steel than to handle the thin, milky fluid which stands
ready for manipulation at the upper end of the ma-
chine. The wet pulp, of which 95 percent is water,
first passes through a screen, where it is cleaned. It
then flows into a vat, at the further edge of which is
provided an outflow, which consists of a true, level,
edge or lip which forms a kind of weir, over which
a broad, thin stream of pulp flows onto the paper ma-
chine proper. This stream is the full width of the
machine, and its depth has to be kept perfectly true
and even throughout. The pulp falls onto what is
known as the Fourdrinier wire. This is an endless
wire cloth, seventy meshes to the inch, which is the
full width of the machine, and travels continuously
over a set of parallel rolls, passing around an end
"couch roll," and returning again under the machine.
In addition to its forward motion, this wire cloth or
screen has a lateral rocking motion across the machine.
As the pulp flows onto this wire a large portion of the
water, assisted by the shaking, strains through and
passes away, leaving a thin film of pulp, which is the
future sheet of paper. This film is picked up oft the
" conch roll " by an endless woolen felt, which carries
the wet sheet between several gun metal "squeeze
rolls" or "press rods," which force out a sufBcient
amount of water for the sheet to be able to sustain its
own weight.

At this point the sheet is transferred to an endless
cotton felt, which supports it while they both pass
over and around a dozen or more driers, which are hoi
low cylinders 3 feet in diameter and extending the full
width of the machine, through which a constant flow
of live steam is maintained. These thoroughly dry
out the paper.

At this stage of the process the sheet is rough and un-
even, presenting very much the appearance of a sheet
of paper that has been wetted and allowed to dry
out again. It now has to be ironed out, as it were,
and the desired finish imparted to its surface. For
this purpose it is passed through the calenders, which
consist of two vertical standards which carry usually
11 superimposed chilled steel rolls of the very highest
possible polish. The paper is inserted between the
upper two and passes down through the whole set, the
desired pressure being obtained by means of powerful
screws. This process is repeated in a second stack of
rolls, after which the finished paper is wound into a
large roll

a paper mill of 40 tons per day, or 1,000 tons per month
capacity :

Coal 16 tons.

Wood 2,482conlB.

Bleaching powder (chloride of lime) 142 tons.

Sulphur 77 "

Lime (milk of lime) 67 "

Besin (eizing) ITJ^ "

Soda ash 125 ••

EngliBh clay goo "

Many a paper mill is run continuously from 12 P. M.
Sunday night until 12 P. M. on the next Saturday,
two sets of operatives being employed. From the
time the log of wood is put into the chipper to the
time the paper is cut up into sheets, the material is
never handled, but passes through a continuous me-
chanical process.

< I ■ I >

Obituary,

DEATH OF GENERAL CASEY,

Brigadier-General Thomas Lincoln Casey (retired),
late Chief of Engineers, Uuited States Army, died at his
residence in Washington, on March 25, General Casey
was the son and grandson of soldiers. His father was
General Silas Casey. General T. L. Casey was born at
Madison Barracks, Sackett's Harbor, N. T., in 1831.
In 1848 he received an appointment to the United
States Military Academy. Four years later he gradu-
ated at the head of his class. He entered the engineer
corps as second lieutenant in 1852. He was assigned
to duty in connection with works of improvement on
the Delaware River and Bay. When the civil war
broke out he was sent to New England, as superin-
tending engineer of the permanent defenses and field
fortifications on the coast of Maine. In March, 1865,
he was breveted lieutenant-colonel for faithful and
meritorious services during the war. He was then ap-
pointed superintending engineer of public buildings
and grounds for the District of Columbia. He had
charge of the Potomac Aqueduct, and to him also was
committed the completion of the State War and Navy
Department building, in Washington, the Washington
Monumentand the construction of theMedical Museum
and Library. He was president of the Board of Engin-
eers for fortifications and other public works at New
York from 1886 to 1888, when he was appointed brigadier
general and chief of engineers by President Cleveland.
In 1889 he was charged by an act of Congress with the
construction of the new Congressional Library build-
ing, and in recognition of his integrity and ability. Con-
gress continued him in charge of the work after he was
retired in 1895, The death of General Casey removes
one of the best known and active government ofBcers,
He took great pride in the progress and economy of
the work on the new library building, and was to have
completed it within the time limit and for less than
the original estimates, which speaks well for his ability.
He always directed in person the contract work for
which he was responsible.

♦ « ■ > » ■>

The Strength of Ice,

The army rules are that 2 inch ice will sustain a man
or properly spaced infantry ; 4 inch ice will carry a
man on horseback, or cavalry, or light guns ; 6 inch
ice, heavy field guns, such as 80 pounders ; 8 inch ice,
a battery of artillery, with carriages and horses, but
not over 1,000 pounds per square foot on sledges ; and
10 inch ice sustains an army or an innumerable multi-
tude. On 15 inch ice railroad tracks are often laid and
operated for mouths, and 2 foot thick ice withstood
the impact of a loaded passenger car, after a 60 foot
fall (or, perhaps, 1,500 foot tons), but broke under that
of the locomotive and tender (or, perhaps, 3 000 foot
tons). Trautwine gives the crushing strength of firm
ice as 167 to 250 pounds per square inch. Col. Ludlow,
in his experiments in 1881, on 6 to 13 inch cubes, found

to 889 pounds for pure hard ice, and 222 to 820
It is then passed through the cutters and-i POunds for inferior grades, and on the Delaware River,

700 pounds for clear ice and 400 pounds or less for the
ice near the mouth, where it is more or less disinte-
grated by the action of salt water, etc. Experiments
of Gzowski gave 208 pounds ; those of others, 310 to
320 pounds. The tensile strength was found by Ger-
man experiments to be 142 to 223 pounds per square
inch. The shearing strength has been given as 75
to 119 pounds per square inch. The average specific
gravity of ice is 0'92. In freezing, water increases in
volume from 1-9 to 1-18, or an average of 1-11 ; when
floating, 11-12 is immersed. — Engineering Mechanics.

cut to the required width and length.

If a highly finished surface is desired, the paper is
passed through what are known as super-calenders,
which consist of 7 rolls, 4 of chilled steel and 4 of
pressed paper, arranged alternately, the combination
of the two materials in the rolls giving a high finish.
The whole machine is run at a very high speed, 300 to
350 feet per 'minute being common. There are some
machines that run the paper out at the rate of 400 feet
per minute, or between 4 and 5 miles per hour, and
such a machine will frequently run an entire day
without a break in the paper.

These speeds are only possible in the manufacture
of common news paper. In making the finer grade of
paper, with high finish, such for instance as is used for
the Scientific American, the mill can only be run
at about one-half the above speed.

The whole machine has to be adjusted with the
greatest care and nicety. It runs at so high a speed,
and the material upon which it operates is so frail,
that any unevenness in the rolls, or an irregularity in
the speed of any particular part of the machine,
would break the sheet, and throw the work into con-
fusion.

The following material is consumed every month in

Earthquake In malne.

Reports from Machias and Calais, Me. ,statet hat a vio-
lent shock of earthquake was felt on the evening of
March 22 at 8 o'clock. The direction of disturbance
was from the south toward the north at Machias and
from west to east at Calais. At Machias houses trem-
bled, dishes and windows rattled, and clocks were
stopped. People rushed from their houses in alarm.
At Calais the shock lasted from four to five seconds.
No damage was recorded.

Deep and rapid breathing is recommended as a
means of stopping hiccough.

© 1896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

212

^thntxtit ^mtxltm.

[April 4, 1896.

A ITEW CAS BBAEE.

The illustration represents an improved car brake,
in which the brake shoes are moved into contact with
the wheels by the straightening of toggle arms located
between the shoes operating against adjacent wheels.
The improvement has been patented by Ferdinand
Gabler, Topeka, Kansas. The shoes are suspended by
hangers and have a loose jointed connection with the
toggle arms, and the latter are jointed by a bolt or

GABLEB'S CAB BBAEE.

pintle pin to a stem extending transversely to the mid-
dle of the car. The inner ends of the two stems on
opposite sides of the car are connected to a chain which
passes around two pulleys on a stationary axis and
around an intermediate pulley earned by a clevis on
• the lower end of a brake lever, connected at its other
end to the brake chain through which the brakes are
applied. Pulling on the brake chain tends to
straighten the toggle arms, thrusting the brake
shoes against the wheels, from which they are removed,
when the tension is released, by a spiral spring con-
necting the shoes of each pair.

A WATCHMAN'S TIME BECOBDEB.
A simple and inexpensive watchman's time recorder,
especially adapted for use in factories and other build-
ings, for making a record of the times at which the
watchman makes his rounds, is shown in the accom-
panying illustration, and has beeu'patented by Charles
L. Reis, of Richmond Hill, L. I., N. Y. On the hour
hand of an ordinary clock secured to the inside of a
door or wall is fastened a ring shaped dial, preferably
of paper and with markings similar to those of a clock
face, this dial being set on shoulders formed in the hour
hand. This hand extends across the dial, and a spring
holds the paper dial in contact with the hour hand,
causing it to travel around with it. On the upper part
of the clock casing is secured a guideway through
which the upper part of the paper dial passes as it re-
volves, and in this guideway is arranged to slide a pin
adapted to puncture the paper dial when pressed by
the watchman, the pin being withdrawn by a coiled

BEIS' WATCHMAN'S TIME BECOKDEB.

spring. The paper dial is simply made, as shown in
thesmall view, and may be readily slipped on the hour
hand and held in position thereon by the spring, it be-
ing understood that the paper dial is attached to the
hour hand to correspond with the indicated time.
The punctures made in this dial, when it is removed
each morning, indicate the times of the watchman's
visits.

Friends of the Lick Observatory will be glad to
know that, owing to the open winter, considerable pro-
gress has already been made in mounting the 3 foot
reflector presented to it by Edward Crossley, Esq.,
lately M. P. for Halifax, England. In another month
it is likely that both dome and telescope will be erected.

Purification of Drinking IVater by means of
Filtration.

The importance of pure water in determining the
health of a community has long been recognized and
cannot be overestimated.

At the present time it is impossible for many cities
and large towns to obtain the required amount of
water from a naturally pure source, and in the future,
with the enormous increase in population and the
number of manufacturing towns established along the
banks of the small streams and rivers, this difficulty
will be manifestly greater. Therefore the possibility
of purifying, by artificial means, water which has been
polluted by sewage and which contains both organic
matter and bacteria, has become a question of great
importance in many communities.

In considering any method for accomplishing this
object, two things must be borne in mind, viz., its
efiBciency and its cost. The objections which have
been urged against filtration are :

First, that while a filter might remove the coarse
material in suspension, it would allow all the organic
matter in solution and the bacteria to pass through
unchanged.

Second, that even if a filter were efficient for a short
time, it soon becomes clogged and saturated, and then
the condition of water which passes through is worse
than when it entered.

Third, that the cost and maintenance of a properly
constructed filter is so great that it cannot be univer-
sally adopted as a means of purifying water.

The report of the Massachusetts State Board of
Health for the year 1894 contains some very interest-
ing and important facts upon all these points.

For the past seven years the board has maintained
I an experimental station at Lawrence for the sole and
express purpose of testing the efficacy of filtration of
water to purify it and render it fit for household pur-
poses. The water tested was that of the Merrimac
River, which is lined from source to mouth with manu-
facturing towns and which may be taken as a fair
sample of river water contaminated with a consider-
able amount of organic matter.

The filters were of all sizes and thicknesses, from
those a few feet square and ten inches in depth to
the large filter covering two and one-half acres, through
which the water supplied to the city of Lawrence has
been filtered since 1893.

Chemical and bacteriological examinations were
made weekly, and sometimes daily, of the water of
ingress and egress. Sand of diflferent sizes was used,
and the filters were run both intermittently and con-
tinuously. The results of this careful and painstak-
ing investigation, extending over a number of years,
and every source of error being eliminated, are both
astonishing and gratifying.

From a bacteriological standpoint they prove that a
properly constructed and properly managed filter will
remove from 98 to 99"84 per cent of the ordinary bac-
teria in water, and that if such bacteria as the bacil-
lus prodigiosus, which is very similar to the typhoid
bacillus, be added to the water in varying proportions,
the filter will remove from 99 to 99'993 per cent. The
organic matter in solution is greatly diminished and
the water is chemically purified.

Moreover, the efficiency of the filter, instead of dimin-
ishing, increases with age and use, owing to the forma-
tion of a gelatinous coating about each grain of sand,
which serves to entangle the bacteria in their progress.

The rate of filtration may reach five million gallons
daily per acre of filter without impairing the efficiency.
If the surface clogging is properly removed, there will
be no appreciable difference in the quality of the fil-
tered water during or after the process of removal.

Finally, the cost of construction and maintenance
of such filters is not so great as was supposed, and is
not to be compared with the benefits derived from
their use. The one which has been in successful use
in the city of Lawrence proves that the plan is prac-
ticable in supplying cities with potable water. It
seems to us that the knowledge derived from these
experiments should be spread abroad and the atten-
tion of municipal authorities called to them.

In the immediate vicinity of New York the water
of the Passaic River has been for a long time very bad
and is constantly growing worse as regards its con-
tamination with sewage and the waste of manufactur-
ing plants on its banks. Several large cities and
towns obtain their water supply from this source, and
if there is a practical and economical means of render-
ing this water pure and wholesome,
it certainly ought to be adopted.

While our own Croton is consid-
ered a very good quality of water,
yet it is liable to contamination,
and we have recently had abundant
proof that it may become disagree-
able to sight and taste. A proper
system of filtering would no doubt
improve the quality greatly, and
the matter should be brought to
the attention of the proper authori-
ty. — Medical Record.

A NEW LAWN 8FBINKLEB.
A sprinkler designed to throw a gentle yet effective
spray, and which is of simple and inexpensive construc-
tion, is shown in the accompanying illustration, and
has been patented by Charles A. Ashton, of Piqua,
Ohio. Fig. 1 represents the sprinkler in operation.
Fig. 2 being a vertical section. A reduced stand pipe
supports a spreading head, whose lower section has an
enlarged bore and receives the lower end of a closely
coiled spring, made fast to the base of the spraying
head. To the top of the spring is secured a cap in
which screws a plug having a large central bore, with
a reduced bore at the top, to make a fine vertical
thread of spray when the water is turned on. In
operation the water is also forced out horizontally

ASHTON'S LAWN 8FBINKLEB.

through the interstices of the spring, in amannerquite
resembling a miniature fountain. The plug is readily
removable from the cap, facilitating the cleansing of
the sprinkler from any obstruction.

♦<«<■♦

IMPBOVED HOBIZONTAL TAPPING MACHINE.

It is in the minor operations in the manufactory
or machine shop, no less than in the larger work, that
time and money are saved, and profits increased.

Making screws and nuts and tapping parts for re-
ceiving screws are among the smaller but important
operations carried on in the shop. A great deal of at-
tention has been given to machines for doing this work
rapidly and with uniformity.

'We give an engraving of a machine designed for
light, rapid tapping. The spindle is driven by two 1^
inch belts, runningin reverse directions, giving a speed
of 1,300 to 1,500 revolutions per minute. The revers-
ing of the tap is accomplished by releasing the foot
pressure from the treadle, which, through the medium
of a lever, actuates a friction cone.

The machine is fitted with a fiat sliding plate for
holding work, also a revolving spindle which is especi-
ally useful for tapping small pieces. To this spindle
may be fitted a work holder, which is wholly under
the operator's control, so that, if the tap becomes
caught from any cause, it may be instantly released
and allowed to revolve, with the work attached, with-
out danger of breaking the tap.

The machine is provided with a substantial counter-
shaft and chuck.

Harvey Hubbell, 875 State Street, Bridgeport, Conn.,
is the manufacturer of this machine.

It is reported from France that the fresh juice of
the poppy plant applied to recent bee stings gives
immediate relief and prevents inflammation.

HOBIZONTAL TAPPING MACHINE.

© 1896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

April 4, 1896.]

^tmtitu ^mtxitm.

213

THE BOBINSON COBN AND FEED HILL.

The feeder consists of an iron hopper, shoe and
shoe case. The shoe is located underneath the hop-
per, inside the shoe case, as shown in cut, and is oper-
ated by means of an eccentric revolving against a
leather cushion, behind which a coil spring is attached,
malting the shoe noiseless in its operation and main-
taining a uniform and positive feed, the eccentric be-
ing driven from the shaft of mill by
grooved pulley as shown in cut.

To regulate the shake of the shoe
and make the motion uniform or
steady, a rubber cushion is attached to
the side of the shoe case, this rubber
cushion being adjustable by means of
a thumb screw and nut and any wear
on the leather cushion can be taken
up.

The back end of the shoe is sus-
pended on an upright spindle which
prevents the shoe from rolling and at
the fame time allows it to be raised
and lowered by means of a cord at-
tached to the mouth or the feed open-
ing of the shoe. This cord passes over
a knob at the top of the hopper and
thence to an adjusting screw and nut,
as shown in cut. To further control
the feed a slide is placed in the hopper
which can be raised or lowered ; this
slide, together with the adjustable and
vibrating shoe, enables the operator
to feed heavy or light, a,s the kind of
grain may demand. The feeder, once
set for a certain kind of grain, requires no further at-
tention.

This mill is manufactured by Messrs. Munson Broth-
ers, Utica, N. T.

• < ■ > ♦ ■ ■

A DYNAM06BAPH.

The use of instruments of measurement and verifi-
cation marks the origin of nearly all of the progress in
many branches of science and industry. Physiolo-
gists particularly have need of accurate instrunients
when they study the different forms of motion in the
functions of life, the velocity of blood in blood ves-
sels, ietc. The graphic expression of motion is obtained
with facility by using the instruments with which the
best physiological laboratories are now equipped. Mo-
tion is the most apparent manifestation of life, and
besides the internal or organic movements, sometimes
so slightthat our senses cannot perceive thera, there
are other external movements the study of which has
proved of the greatest value.

Modern physiologists have devised all kinds of in-

struments and artifices to render these movements vis-
ible and to determine their character. To the ordinary
inscribing or registering apparatus has been added
the photographic methods of Mr. Muybridge and M.
Marey. The important researches of M. Marey have
already been published in Supplements 336, 408, 414,
579, 580, and 749.
We now present an illustration of another interest-

planting o f large trees has been tried very extensively
in different countries, and the testimony of all experts
is that, while it is sometimes successful, it is yet a very
costly and unsatisfactory transaction. In our own
experience, out of perhaps thirty large trees of differ-
ent kinds with which the experiment was tried some
twenty years ago, with mopt abundant care and a
liberal disregard of expense, one only is now living,
and that not in a very flourishing con-
dition. Take a young tree of a suita-
ble size for transplanting, say five
years of age or thereabout, and at
the end of twenty years you will have
a better result with it than you can
have with an old tree, and the young
tree will perhaps cost five dollars
when planted, where the old one will
cost five hundred."

W^J^^

THE BOBINSON COBN AND FEED MILL.

ing piece of apparatus which is used by him in his ex-
periments. It consists of a dynamographic platform
for giving a curve of foot pressure on the ground at
the same time in which a mechanical record of the
movement is obtained. Thedynamograph shown in the
engraving consists of coils of India rubber tubing which
are more or less compressed according to the external
force applied. In consequence of this pressure, the
contained air is more or less squeezed out into a cham-
ber connected with the recording instrument. This
portion of the apparatus is called a "spiral dynamo-
meter." In the complete apparatus a series of spirals
are arranged on an oak platform. All the tubes which
lead from the spirals unite in a common collecting
tube, which communicates with the chamber of the
recording tambour. A plate held in position by
clips accurately covers all these spirals. When a man
mounts this platform, the registering lever is raised to
a variable height and remains in the same position as
long as he does not move. If, however, he moves
slightly, the amount of vertical foot pressure on the
platform is altered in amount and is recorded on the
chronograph cylinder. The following is found to be
the law which M. Marey finds governs the variations
in pressure : All muscular actions which alter the
center of gravity of the body in such a manner as to
raise it augment the foot pressure on the ground. All
actions tending to lower the center of gravity diminish
the foot pressure.

This dynamograph may be combined with appara-
tus for recording the actual movement. This may be
done by two methods, either by the mechanical regis-
tration of the movement or by the now well known
chrono-photography. Theengravingshowsthe former
method. The man stands on the platform of the dy-
namograph and wears a tight-fitting cap ; an elastic
thread is fastened at one end of the cap, the other end
is fastened to a solid support by means of a clip. This
thread may be fixed near its upper end to a lever of
a tambour. A tambour is the aetuative portion of
the recorder, consisting of a drum or cup with a
thin membrane stretched over it, to which a record-
ing arm is attached. Two tambours produce two
curves on the revolving cylinder of the chronograph,
one the curve of foot pressure and the other that of
the vertical change of position of the head. An exam-
ination of these curves, which may be enlarged if ne-
cessary, shows that the laws of animal movements
obey general laws— in this case, the laws of ballistics.
For our engraving we are in-
debted to M. Marey's late work
" Movement," published by D.
Appleton & Company, New York
City.

HETHOD OF BECOBDING FOOT PBESBUBE AND CHANGES OF
ELEVATION OVBINO A JUKF.

Tranaplantlng Large Trees.

The editor of the New York Sun,
Charles A. Dana, has a comforta-
ble house with quite extensive
grounds in the near neighborhood
of New York City, where he has for
some years paid particular atten-
tion to the care and cultivation
of many rare and beautiful plants
and trees. On the transplanting of
large trees, therefore, as on so many
other subjects, he speaks as a high
authority, in the following answer
to a correspondent : " The trans-

AN IHFBOVED DTTMB WAITEB.
The illustration represents an im-
provement in the construction of
dumb waiters whereby the cage, with
its load, will be securely held at any
point when the operator releases the
rope, the wear on the hoisting rope
being reduced and the car relieved of
any strain and the cage being also
safely held in the shaft without drop-
ping, should the ropes break. The
improvement forms the latest of (sev-
eral inventions relating to dumb
waiters patented by Mr. Anton Larsen,
of 413 and 415 East One Hundred and
Twenty-fourth Street, New York City. As may be
seen in Fig. 1, the cage is counterbalanced, and thf
hoisting rope, secured at one end to the upper part ot
the well, passes under a pulley on the top of the cage,
then over a pulley at the top of.the well, and extends
downward in front of the cage, under a pulley at the
bottom of the well, thence upward over a pulley
journaled in an arm secured on a transverse shaft in
the lower part of the cage. This arm has its free end
forked to engage a rod depending from the bottom of
the cage, as shown in Fig. 2, a spring on the rod tend-
ing to press the arm upward. The shaft carrying the
arm is connected by gear wheels with an opposite
shaft, and on the outer ends of both shafts are brake
shoes in the form of eccentric disks, adapted to en-
gage opposite sides of the guide posts in the well.
Tlie cage is iiioveil upward in the well by pulling on

Sf.-^,>\\N

LABSEN'S DUMB WAITEB.

the front run of rope, the brake shoes then permitting
a free upward movement of the cage, as they are only
held in frictional contact with the guide posts by the
action of the spring on the arm, but when the pull on
the rope is released the spring causes the shoes to
bind with sufficient force to hold the cage in position,
the pressure of the load also drawing the shoes in
more firm contact with the guide posts. The rear run
of rope, under the cage, is pulled upon to lower it, 'caus-
ing the arm to swing downward and the turning of
the transverse shafts disengaging the shoes from the
guide posts, the spring again applying the shoes when
the pull ceases. The entire arrangement is completely
noiseless, and the operator can conveniently raise and
lower the cage and hold it at any desired point. As
may be seen in Fig. 3, the frame of the waiter is held
together with dowel pins, top and bottom— a mode of
construction which renders the car very strong.

) 1896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

214

^titntiik ^mtmm.

[April 4, 1896.

<S-orre0pondence.

stability of High BnlldinKS.

To the Editor of the Scientific American :

I saw in the Scientific American of March 21 an
article on the stability of lofty buildings. Perhaps an
instance or two, that came under my personal obser-
vation, would be of interest to you. I was in the
D. S. Morgan building, corner of Niagara and Pearl
Streets, Buffalo, N. Y., during the gale of December
23—1 think that was the date. The wind reached a
velocity of 73 miles per hour. I was in a room on the
eleventh floor, about 120 feet from the ground. A
weight was hung to a gas burner by a cord about
2 feet long. The weight vibrated or swung at least
6 inches. If the building did not swing, what caused
the weight to move ?

On the 4th of March I was at the lighthouse on Hog
Island, Va. This is an octagonal structure, of cast
and wrought iron. The base is 50 feet. The height
to the focal plane, 175 feet. The watch room is about
10 feet in diameter ; this and the inclosed stairway is
all there is to offer a surface to the wind, except the
eight columns and braces. This tower vibrated so
that a pendulum clock could not be kept running.

S. T. S.

geal blood vessels. For this purpose slight " tappings "
with the India rubber hammer are to be resorted to.
The locality to which the percussion should be applied
is the forehead, just above the root of the nose ; and
the "taps" should follow a line extending horizontally
outward over the eyebrows. The "tapping" should
be frequently interrupted and resumed, since it is
manifest that continuous "tapping" would overstimu-
late and finally exhaust the vasomotors, thus exagger-
ating the very evil the remedy is designed to cure. In
cases of chronic catarrh the "tapping" is also valu-
able, only in this condition it must be of a heavier
degree and more sustained ; what is wanted being first
a free secretion of mucus, and afterward a return to a
condition of normal vascularity. The method is inter-
esting, and based on physiological reasoning. Let us
hope it will prove as effective in practice as it sounds
scientific in description.

Ignition Temperature of Acetylene Oas.

To the Editor of the Scientific American :

In experimenting recently with acetylene, I was
surprised to find its ignition point so low that it would
take fire through the gauze of a Davy lamp. I tested
it by lowering the lighted lamp into a jar of the gas
and also by directing a jet of the gas against the lamp.
In both cases the acetylene took fire outside the pro-
tecting gauze about as easily as hydrogen would.
CHi and CaHi will not ignite in this way, and it seems
strange that the higher carbide Cafla should. It must
be very unstable. Can you give any further explana-
tion ? A. E. COLDWELIi.
Acadia College, Wolfville, N. S.

[Acetylene gas is known to possess a very low tem-
perature of ignition. It is not very easy to assign a
good theory for it. In recent lectures on " Flame and
Combustion," by Profs. Lewes, Smithells, and others,
as published in our Supplements, you will find given
many excellent points in connection with flame, etc.
Dr. Lewes' article on acetylene is in our Supplement,
No. 998. Other papers, by the same authority, on
" Flames of Hydrocarbon Gases," will be found in
Nos. 876, 1012, 1013. A very good series of lectures, by
Prof. Smithells, on " Flames," were given in Nos. 846,
850, 930, 941, and 942.— Ed.]

< « « > >

liOmber Destroyed by Fnngns.

To the Editor of the Scientific American :

We to-day express you a package containing two
pieces of wood which you will see have been destroyed
by some growth, which growth is very common in this
section of the country and has found its way into one
of our lumber sheds. It is very destructive to all
grades of lumber. Please advise us through mall or
your columns of a cure for this trouble. Would pre-
fer a wash if one can be had that will do the work.

Beaumont, Texas. M. K. P.

[The matter having been referred to the Division of
Vegetable Physiology and Pathology of the United
States Department of Agriculture, the chief of divi-
sion reports as follows :

" The letter and pieces of pine board which you re-
ferred to this division from Mr. M. K. F. were duly
received. The samples are affected with the ordinary
bench rot fungus, mycelium of Polyporus sp. The
lumber sheds mentioned should be kept drier if possi-
ble. Probably several thorough washings of the lum-
ber and sheds with strong copper sulphate solution,
one pound of crystals to the gallon of water, would
thoroughly disinfect the lumber. We have washed
some of the benches in one of our greenhouses with
Bordeaux mixture containing an excess of copper and
they are thoroughly free from this fungus, while it is
quite common on benches which have not been
washed." B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Division.]

A Novel Cure for Colds,

Among the numerous remedies recommended for
colds, the following from the Hospital of February
22, republished in the Literary Digest, is the most
novel. It is one Dr. Schnee who propounds the novel
cure. Dr. Schnee . . . percusses the terminal
branches of the nerves supplying the mucous mem-
brane of the nose with a small hammer made of India
rubber. Slight shocks upon terminal nerves have the
effect, as has been experimentally demonstrated, of
contracting the blood vessels. . • . Stronger shocks
produce dilatation of the same blood vessels. . . .
Here, then, we have a method of exercising a great
deal of control over those nasal blood vessels whose
altered condition constitutes the initial stage of coryza.
In the inception period of a cold, what is wanted is to
fet up contraction of nasal and naso-pharyngo-Iaryn-

Sclencc Notes.

In the Johns Hopkins Hospital at Baltimore, a
patient under hypnotic influence was operated upon
successfully for diseased kidney, no anaesthetics being
used. This case is the first in which hypnotism has
been used in that institution.

Laudenbach (Virchow's Archiv, cxli-i, 1895) reports
having removed the greater portion of a dog's spleen,
and at the end of six months there was a complete re-
generation of the entire organ. The removal caused
profound disturbance of digestion and impaired nu-
trition, but notwithstanding this fact the entire organ
was reproduced.

According to Prof. Robert, the active principle of
the male fern is not only filicic acid, but also the essen-
tial oil, which forms a kind of loose compound with
the fatty acid. This mixture, or compound, is easily
emulsified in the intestine, and exercises a stupefying
action upon the tapeworm, which is then expelled by
a laxative. The ethereal extract of male fern should
be prepared from the rhizomes gathered in the autumn,
says the Phar. Zeitschrift, for the spring collection is
less certain in its action.

The Temperature of the Sun. — Prof. Paschen has
(says the Gas World) been investigating the tempera-
ture of the sun. Among recent observers Rosetti has
found a temperature up to 10,000° Oen. by means of a
thermopile ; Le Chatelier one of 7,600° Cen . by com-
paring the absorption of solar rays with that of rays
from a hot object; Wilson and Gray one of 6,200°
Cen. by balancing the radiation from the sun against
that from a glowing strip of platinum, in a Boys
radiomicrometer ; Scheiner one between 4,000° Cen.
and 10,000° Cen. by measuring the breadth of the
magnesium lines in the spectrum. Now Prof. Paschen
reckons it by considering the wave length of the radia-
tion of maximum energy in sunlight as inversely pro-
portionate to the absolute temperature of an incandes-
cent body ; and this works out a solar temperature of
5,130° Cen. = 9.266° Fah.

Memory of Bees.— On August 16, says a correspon-
dent in Science Gossip, we took a quantity of honey in
frames from the tops of the hives (super honey). The
hives are in an orchard at the bottom of the garden.
When cleared of bees the frames of comb are usually
carried through the garden to a disused cottage at a
distance of seventy yards from the nearest hive. On
arriving here we found a number of bees, which had
preceded us, fiying round the cottage awaiting the
arrival of the combs, which, however, still remained in
the clearers in the orchard. No honey had been
taken since June 21 last, and no bees had been noticed
near the cottage in the interval.

The American Meteorological Journal will be dis-
continued with the April number, asit has been carried
on at a financial loss ever since its foundation i a 1884.

It is quite generally supposed that the su ^ ien and
complete freezing of lakes and watercour 's nsust
necessarily be fatal to all their inhabitants. Recent
experiments by a French scientist, M. P. Regnard,
have proved this to be an error. He cooled the water
in an aquarium containing live carp to different
degrees below freezing. At 0° C. the fishes seemed to
fall asleep, but were not frozen. At — 3° they were
apparently dead, but retained their flexibility. The
water being then gradually warmed, they revived,
began to swim, and showed no signs of suffering. This
would indicate that the polar seas, whose temperature
never falls below 3° C, may be a congenial abode for
creatures inured to this degree of cold.

The President of the United States has nominated
John J. Brice, of California, to be Commissioner of
Fish and Fisheries, in the place of the late Marshall
McDonald. This oflSce is one of the most desirable
of the government's scientific positions and is practic-
ally a life oiHee. Capt. Brice is a retired naval officer.

Nearly $800,000 is asked from Parliament for the
support of the British Museum for this year.

M. H. Moissan has recently presented to the Paris
Academy of Sciences the results of some interesting ex-
periments with carbides. He finds that cerium carbide
produced in the electric furnace yields when treated
with water seventy-five per cent of acetylene, with
much methane and some ethylene. Lithium carbide

yields pure acetylene, which is a transparent crystal-
line mass.

The mortality rate among medical men of France is
but twenty-six per one thousand, the actual number
of deaths per annum being about 450.

The Swiss botanists, MM. Sommier and Sevier, who
have recently explored the Caucasus, says the Popular
Science News, tell of a mountain flora of giant her-
baceous plants, of which little was known before,
which they designate as Macroflora. At the altitude
of 5,800 feet, some plants reach a size which they never
obtain in the valleys. A campanula, which does not
exceed about two feet below, grows to about six feet
high at that altitude and has an unpliable stem.

The meldometer, an instrument invented by Dr.
Joly, of Dublin, consists of a thin platinum strip which
can be heated by the passage of an electric current.
Small fragments of a solid substance are placed on the
platinum strip, and the temperature at which they
melt is deduced from the length of the platinum strip,
which has been previously calibrated by means of
solids of known melting points. A number of measure-
ments have been made of the melting point of calcium,
sodium, strontium, barium and lithium.

< I » I ■

Artbnr P.

Greeley— Value of Civil Service
Illustrated.

The value of the civil service requirements as ap-
plied to the United States Patent Office is illustrated
in the appointment on April 1, 1895, of Arthur P.
Greeley, of Concord, New Hampshire, a Republican
in politics, by President Cleveland, and since confirmed
by the United States Senate on March 6, 1896, to be
examiner in chief in the Patent Office. We say the
value of the civil service requirements are demon-
strated in this case because it was purely merit and
ability alone that gained for him the honorable posi-
tion he has attained ; the wisdom of it will become
evident in future years.

Mr. Greeley is a graduate of Dartmouth College, in
the class of 1883. A lawyer by profession, having been
graduated from the law school of the Columbian Uni-
versity of Washington in the class of 1887, taking the
post-graduate course at the same school the following
year. The next year, 1888, he was admitted to prac-
tice in the District of Columbia,

In July, 1884, he entered the Patent Office as a
fourth assistant examiner, as a result of his standing
in the first examination for appointment to the Patent
Office held under the present civil service law. Was
promoted through the successive grades of third,
second and first assistant and principal examiner solely
on merit as the result of standing in competitive ex-
aminations held in the office.

As an assistant examiner he served in the division of
metal working B and electricity B, in the latter divi-
sion having charge of the class of electric railways.

On appointment as principal examiner in July, 1891,
he was assigned to a newly formed division compris-
ing packing and storing vessels, advertising, etc. Was
transferred in 1894 to the division of instruments of
precision, and while in charge of this division for a
number of months, acted also as examiner of trade
marks.

From 1891 to 1893 he was a member of the commit-
tee having in charge the preparation, arrangement
and installation of the exhibit of the Patent Office at
the Chicago World's Fair, which involved an extended
consideration of the development of nearly every im-
portant art represented in the Patent Office. He was
also a member of the committee having charge of the
preparation and installation of the Patent Office ex-
hibit at Atlanta.

He is one of the first under the present civil service
law to be appointed and advanced through the suc-
cessive grades and to receive a presidential appoint-
ment on merit solely.

Fairs Next Fall.

The following appointments have been made for the
State fairs and other important exhibitions of the pres-
ent year :

American Live stock, New York Nov. 23, 28

American Inetitate, New York Sept. 28, Oct. 29

British Columbia, New Westminster Oct. 6, 9

Connecticut, Meriden Sept. 9, 11

Illinois, Springfield Sept. 28, Oct. 3

Iowa, Des Moines Sept. 4, 11

Kansas, Wichita Sept. 22,27

Maine, Lewiston Aug. 31, Sept. 4

Manitoba, Winnipeg July 20, 25

Maesachusetts (" Bay State "), Worcester Sept. 1,4

.'-Zassachnsettfi Horticultural, Boston Sept. 2, 3

1^ oraska, Omaha Aug. 27, Sept. 5

is 7 England, Por<.,and, Me Aug. 17, 21

N IV Hampshire Illton Sept. 7,10

New Jersey, Wav?rly Sept. 7,11

New York, Syracuse Aug. 31, Sept. 6

Otilo, Columbus Aug. 31, Sept. 4

St. Lou 9, St. Louis.,.., ,., Oct. 5,10

South TO na, Columbia JIov. 9,13

Toledo, Tr State, Toledo Sept 21,29

TorontoiV atrial , ,.., Aug. 81, Sept. 12

Virginia v Stock, Stannton Sept. 8,11

Washingt , Tew Whatcom ..Sept. 29, Oct. 2

WlBconsii ' (waukee Sept. 21,2S

—Albany Cultivator.

) 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

April 4, 1896.]

^mntxiu ^mtmm.

215

NIAOABA FALLS HYDBAVLIC FOWEB PLANT.

From many points of view the development of the
power plant at Niagara Falls is of special interest. The
undertaking from its outset was conceived on original
lines, and even in the purposes to which it is applied,
such as the production of aluminum, of calcium car-
hide, and of carborundum, there are elements of nov-
elty and interest. We have already illustrated and de-
scribed the overground plant, which, with its fine elec-
tric machinery, switchboard and accessories, is already
rpgarded as one of the IochI attractions of Niagara.
But the casual visitor fails to see the best of the work.
Out of his sight, below the solid floor, and directly
beneath the dynamos, a great rectangular pit descends
nearlj'two hundred feet throuch the solid rock. Near
the bottom of this pit the 5,000 horse power tur-
bines are established. Electric elevators traverse the
shaft carrying those who have to inspect the wheels
and shafting. The aspect of things in the pit is quite
impressive, and would be more so were it not that the
rapid descent in the elevator prevents the realization
of the depth attained.

The development of the water power has involved
the solution of many problems in engineering. The
astonishingly rapid development of electricity during
the last few years has operated to materially change
the plans of the engineers. The station now appears
as a purveyor of electric energy, while originally it was
intended rather to sell hydraulic power. It now sells
both, but its electric power plant is the most striking
and iciportant development. The power company
has installed in its own immense wheel pits near
the bottom the great turbine water wheels, from
each of which a vertical shaft rises to the ground level
to directly drive the rotating fields of the 5,000 H. P.
alternators, vertically above and directly in line with
the wheels. Both wheels and dynamos are of the ho-
rizontal type. For each wheel there is a
single dynamo, and each pair coupled to-
gether repre-ient a unit of the plant.

In our issue of January 25, 1896. we de-
scribed and illustrated the power house
with its water connections and electric
plant. The illustrations showed the rela-
tion of the surface canal, which takes water
from the Niagara River above the Falls,
to the power house, and our issues of March
5, 1892, and of October 20, 1894, may be re-
ferred to as giving the general aspect of the
tunnel and canal. The present article de-
scribes the turbine water wheels, to see
which, our readers must descend with us to
a point nearly two hundred feet from the
surface of the earth, near the inner end of
the tunnel.

The turbines were designed by the firm
of Faesch & Piccard, of Geneva, Switzer-
land, and were built by the I. P. Morris
Company, of Philadelphia, Pa. It seems a
pity that the plans could not have been
executed by American engineers, but the
point was made that practice in this country
has been in the line of supplying turbines
from stock on hand, while the Swiss engin-
eers are more in the habit of making special
calculations for various cases. The problem to be solved
was a difficult one, owing a the high unit of power and
to the 140 feet of shafting, whose weight had to be car-
ried. In the accepted design the wheels are double
Fourneyron horizon al turbines, one placed vertically
over the other, the upper one being inverted. The
circle of buckets of each wheel is divided into three
horizontal divisions or stories. The water delivered
by the penstock enters the space between the wheels,
which is inclosed by a casting, constituting a sort of
drum. About half of the water rises and, rushing out
through the upper wheel, actuates it, while the rest of
the water drives the lower wheel. The rising water,
pressing upward against the disk of the upper turbine
with the stress due to nearly 140 feet of head, supports
a variable portion of the weight of the shaft.

Each of the wheels includes two circular portions,
one a fixed central guide wheel carrying a peripheral
circle of curved buckets through which the water es-
capes, its direction of escape being determined by the
shape of the buckets. In the Niagara wheels these
buckets are 36 in number. This guide wheel with its
circle of buckets is surrounded by a second circle of
buckets arranged on the periphery of a disk, and this
disk with its buckets rotates and constitutes the tur-
bine proper. It has 32 buckets curved in the reverse
sense referred to those of the stationnry one. Each
turbine system includes, therefore, the upper and the
lower couple, each comprising a guide wheel and tur-
bine, marking the top and bottom of a cast iron drum,
into which drum the seven foot penstock of sheet steel
enters. The smaller cut shows in section the disposi-
tion of parts. Ou studying this cut it will be seen
that the stationary or guide wheels would close the
ends of the drum, except that the upper guide wheel
is perforated, so that the water passes through it and
presses upward against the rotating disk of the up-
per turbine. Were it not for these apertures, there

would be no vertical water pressure upon either up-
per or lower turbine.

The small cut shows bars running diagonally up
and down within the drum. These support the lower
guide wheel, which is subjected to the hydraulic head
produced by the penstock. The relation of guide
wheel buckets to turbine buckets is shown in the
small partial horizontal section in the same cut.

The vertical shaft which transmits the revolutions
of the wheel to the dynamo is of sheet steel riveted up
to form a tube 38 inches in diameter, except at two
intermediate bearings and at the upper terminal bear-
ing. At these points reduced sections of shafting 11
inches in diameter are used.

To regulate the speed of the wheel a governor is pro-
vided, which operates by raising and lowering a double
annular speed gate. This works up and down outside
of the peripheries of the upper and lower turbines,
cutting off the outlet for water as it rises, and giving
a larger opening as it descends. In the sectional view
the speed gates are shown closing about two-thirds of
the orifice, and on the deck above is seen the bearing
for the speed gate lever, which is shown extending
horizontally across the cut just above the floor level.
The governor is guaranteed to keep the speed within
two per cent of the rate desired under ordinary con-
ditions.

Should the work be suddenly increased or diminished
to an extent of twenty five percent, the governor will
hold the speed variation down to four per cent.

A vertical thrust bearing, similar, except that it is
vertical, to that on the shaft of a screw propelled ship,
is provided near the upper end of the shaft. This is
necessary, because the varying inflow of water causes
the pressure exerted by the shaft to vary. This pressure
may even sometimes be negative or upward.

The wheels discharge at full load 430 cubic feet of

SECTIONAL VIEWS OF ONE OF THE NIAOABA TUBBINES.

water per second and utilize 136 feet of head, the
wheels rotating 350 times per minute. At seventy-five
per cent efficiency they give 5,000 horse power.

The original idea was to have a ten ton flywheel
141^ feet in diameter on the shaft. The rotating field
of the dynamo takes the place of this.

Our large cut shows the great wheel at work. The
water is seen escaping from the curved buckets. Bars
of iron are seen running up and down the outside of
the barrel, which bars operate the annular speed gates,
the lower one of which appears below the outflowing
water. The speed gate lever and sheet steel tubular
driving shaft are seen above the wheel, and the pen-
stock rises on the left hand. The outflow passes
through a curved sluiceway into the tunnel. By rock
shafts and levers the bars for working the speed gates
are increased in number. From the governor, directly
over the top of the shaft, a single bar connects with
the speed gate lever. From this \ever two bars de-
scend to the gates and connect also with the rock shaft,
throwing other bars into action. The governor works
centrifugally.

The total horse power of Niagara Falls in a recent
paper was put at 6,750,000, due to a descent of 275,000
cubic feet of water per seconrl. This is taken as repre-
senting a coal consumption of 65,000 tons per day. The
tunnel is the factor which determines the fraction of
the power which can be utilized, and, as calculated, it
can deliver sufficient water to generate 120,000 horse
power. This exceeds the developed horse power in
eleven of the principal water power sites in the United
States. The power company have further rights af-
fecting operations on both shores, which will make
possible the development of a total of 450,000 horse
power. This represents over one-third of the power of
all the water wheels in the United States by the cen-
sus of 1880.

The power plant in most of its parts was installed by

the Cataract Construction Company for the Niagara
Falls Power Company.

A Geoloelcal Expedition to Patagonia.

Princeton College has planned another important
geological expedition. Prof. J. B. Hatcher, Curator
of the Museum of Vertebrate Palaeontology, accom-
panied by Mr. T. A. Paterson, formerly connected wit h
the American Museum of Natural History in New
York, has sailed for Patagonia. The explorations on
the coast of Patagonia which were conducted by Prof.
Darwin in his famous voyage in the Beagle, nearly
half a century ago, first directed the attention of geol-
ogists to the great scientific importance of that inhos-
pitable land. In later years the work which he in-
augurated has been prosecuted by the Argentine
palaeontologists Burmeister, Moreno and the brothers
Arueghino.

The latter brought together a large collection of fos-
sil mammals and birds and made important studies
upon them, although they labored under great, diffi-
culties on account of the absence of material from the
northern hemisphere for comparison. Two years ago
St. Morens, the director of the Museum of La Plata,
invited Mr. Lydekker from England to study the col-
lections of that museum and to employ his extensive
knowledge of the collections of Europe and Asia with
the purpose of comparison with the fauna of South
America. Mr. Lydekker has published two large
volumes as the result of his studies, which, though in-
teresting and important, show that a vast amount of
work remains to be done on the geology of Patagonia.
Princeton has now taken advantage of this opening
and has sent out a well-equipped expedition. After
studying the collection in Buenos Ayres, Mr. Hatcher
willsailfor Patagonia and then strike inland ; the prin-
cipal objects of the expedition are to make a thorough
study of the Patagonian geology, which has
not as yet been undertaken by a competent
observer, and secondly to make as exhaust-
ive a collection as possible of the fossils
which are so abundant there, and which
will be brought to Princeton for study and
comparison with those of the North.
Though the principal objects of the expe-
dition are thus seen to be geological and
palaeontoiogical, the other natural sciences
have not been neglected. Preparations
have been made to form extensive collec-
tions in the mineralogy, zoology and botany
of Patagonia and Terra del Fuego to enrich
the Princeton Museum. A complete photo-
graphic apparatus has been taken along so
as to get a large collection of views illustra-
ting the geology of the country and the
customs of the natives. Mr. Hatcher also
holds two commissions from the United
States government, jane from the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and one from the
Bureau of Ethnology, and the officers of
the government have done everything in
their power to render the expedition suc-
cessful. Mr. Hatcher goes with practi-
cally an unlimited leave of absence, and
the results of his researches promise to be

very interesting.

Tlie Work of Beea.

A writer in the Revue des Sciences Naturelles makes
the following calculations in regard to the work done
by the honey bee : When the weather is fine, a work-
er can visit from 40 to 80 flowers in six or ten trips and
collect a grain of nectar. If it visits 200 or 400 flowers,
it will gather 5 grains. Under favorable circum-
stances, it will take a fortnight to obtain 15 grains.
It would, therefore, take it several years to manu-
facture a pound of honey, which will fill about 3,000
cells.

A hive contains from 20,000 to 50,000 bees, half of which
prepare the honey, the other half attending to the
wants of the hive and the family. On a fine day, 16,-
000 or 20,000 individuals will, in six or ten trips, be
able to explore from 300,000 to 1,000,000 flowers, say
several hundred thousand plants. Again, the locality
must be favorable for the preparation of the honey,
and the plants that produce the most nectar must
flourish near the hive. A hive inhabited by 30,000
bees may, therefore, under favorable conditions, re-
ceive about two pounds of honey a day.

There are to be about 200 railway stations distri-
buted over the new Siberian railway. The rolling
stock will comprise 2,000 locomotives, 3,000 passenger
cars, and 36,000 goods wagons. The passenger traffic
will be almost exclusively confined to third and fourth
classes, and the tarilT will be very low. The works in
connection with this great undertaking are being
pushed on with much energy, and the work is expected
to be completed in from five to six years. The open-
ing of this line will shorten the journey round the
world by about 20 days. The speed on most of the
line, however, will not generally exceed about 15 miles
an hoar.

© 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

2l6

f netttific Smenaw*

[April 4, 1896.

FBESS FOB MAKING STEEL BICTCLE
BIHS.

One of the most recent examples of the

ingenuity of the modern bicycle maker

is the production of a jointless felly, or

rim, for wheels. The importance of the

cycle industry at the present day is well

illustrated by the fact that quite a large

factory has been established for the pro-
duction of these jointless rims.
The advantages of the jointless rim

are a nearer approach to uniformity in

size ; a more equal tension of the metal ;

and, by avoiding the heat of brazing,

the metal is not softened.
The steel sheets from which the rims

are made come in from the rolling mills

in the form of squares. The steel is of a

kind made specially for the work, the

coini)osition having been decided by Mr.

C. H. Pugh, the designer of the ma-
chinery about to be described, after a

long series of chemical and physical

tests. It is, of course, the product of the

Siemens furnace, and must necessarily

be of a very excellent quality, other-
wise it would not stand the treatment to

which it is subjected. To judge by its

working, we should suppose it to be a

steel made from hematite ore in a basic

lined furnace, but on this point we have

no information.
The square sheets are taken through a

circle cutting machine and the corners

sheared oflf. There is formed in this way

a blank, consisting of a flat circular

sheet of nieta.1, and this is taken to a big

power press, which we illustrate. These

presses have been designed specially for

the work, and supplied by Messrs. Taylor

& Challen, of Birmingham. They are

placed three in a row. They are power-
ful machines, each weighing about 35

tons, . and are capable of admitting a

blank 44 inches in diameter, which they
will draw down to a pan-shaped piece 22

inches in diameter and 11 inches deep, if

required.
In these presses the circular sheets are

pressed into the form of a shallow dish
with a turned-over riiu. In the view of

the press a number of the blanks that
have just been stamped are shown. In
working the press the blank is placed on
a flat ring of metal or die. The outer
slide then comes down and holds the
blank round its circumference. In this
way a ring of metal iS between the annular tools, it
being held tiglitly enough to prevent the steel from
buckling when dished, and yet not so tightly as ^to
prevent it flowing between the tools when the stamp
comes down. It will be easily understood, under
these circumstances, that the press has to be very
carefully made. The steel blank being held in this
way. the inner slide descends, and the circular sheet is
pressed into the dished form. It will be seen that, so
far, the practice followed in the preparation of hollow
ware is here adapted to the manufacture of bicycle
wheels.

The next process is to cut out the center of the
blank, by which operation it is converted from its dish
or plate like form to that of a circle, and begins to
have some sort of resemblance to a wheel rim. The
cutting out of the center
is done in a lathe having a
pair of revolving shears
mounted on a slide rest.
The inside cutter is
brought up until it just
touches the work, and the
cutter on the other side is
then pressed home by a
lever. The partly formed
rim is then brought to the
requisite section by a num-
ber of spinning processes.
Hollow fellies are com-
posed of two separate
rings, which are ultimate-
ly soldered together.
These are known as the
block and tread, each of
which is prepared in the
same general manner, for
each has to be brought to
a shallow U-s e c t i o n ,
though the block or inner
ring is a deeper U than
the tread, or outer ling,
against which the India
rubber tire abuts. The
block, it will be under-
stood, is that part which

PRESS FOR HAEIXG STEEL BICYCLE RIMS.

is drilled to take the spokes. We are now describing
roughly an ordinary form of rim for pneumatic tire.
There are many special forms required for varying de-
scriptions of tires, but the same principle of construc-
tion governs all. When the central part of the dish-
shaped blank was cut out, as described, a ring some-
what of Z-section was left, or more correctly speaking,
of the section of an angle bar and reverse angle, the
corner of one angle having been previously rounded
off. By means of the various spinning lathes, one
angle is gradually turned over, and, during successive
operations, the corners are rounded off to form the U.
The chief point of interest about these lathes is the
method of chucking. In one series of operations a
large split chuck is used, the work being held by its
inner flange between two disks. The spinning tool is

brought up by a slide rest, and is re-
cessed to the shape required for the
work, the latter being pressed between
the tool and the edge of the chuck,
which is also of the required contour,
naturally the same as the tool, but in re-
lief in place of being recessed. In an-
other operation, the rim, having been
brought approximately to shape, is
placed between two disks, the rims of
which are beveled and hollowed so that
when they come together they form a
moulding surface upon which the rim
can be pressed to shape by the spinning
tool.

After the two parts of the rim have
been spun to the required section, the
edges are trimmed oflf in a lathe, a pair
of circular revolving shears being used
as a cutter. The next operation is to
put the treads in a press and flatten
them so that their edges lie in one plane
exactly, the true running of the wheel
when finished naturally depending upon
accuracy in this respect.

The parts are next tinned, having pre-
viou.sly been treated in weak acid to re-
move grease. The tinning is performed
by turning the rim vertically while its
lower part dips into a bath of melted
tin, the excess of metal being rubbed off
by boys with rags or cotton waste.

After a careful examination has been
made of the tinned parts, the tread and
block are put together so as to form the
hollow rim. It is at this part of the
operation that the necessity for accuracy
in the work is most apparent. Unless
the two parts are of the required diame-
ter within extremely narrow limits of
error, the wheel will be ill-formed and
weak in structure, or not of the required
dimensions.

When the tread has been fitted into
the block, the edges of the latter over-
lap those of the former, and these over-
lapping edges are worked up by spinning
in a lathe and gradually turned over the
edges of the tread. The felly or rim as
now formed consists of two hoops of
steel placed one within the bfber. They
are both U-shaped or hollow in section,
the convexity of each being in the same
direction. The tread is formed to a curve
of larger radius than the block, and as
the edges of each ring are brought to-
gether they necessarily meet in a cusp,
or, in other words, the space between the two rings,
which gives the hollow felly, is crescent-shaped in
section.

It now only remains to solder the two parts to-
gether in order to make the turned-over joint firm.
This is done in the same manner as the tinning opera-
tion, before described.

The test for breaking is equal to the strain that
would arise if the rim were placed horizontally, sup-
ported only at two opposite points of its circumfer-
ence, and a 14-stone man were to stand on it, each
foot being midway between the points of support.
After being subjected to such a test, the rim is tried
in a lathe to see if it has received any permanent
set.
We are indebted to Engineering for our illustration
and the above particulars.

TELEPHONIXQ FROM MOVING CARS.

TBAIN TELEFHONT.

Some interesting experi-
ments have recently been
tried by Mr. Kingsley L.
Martin, assistant engineer
on the New York and
Brooklyn Bridge, in the
line of establishing tele-
phonic communication be-
tween moving trains and
between trains and the
train dispatcher's and
bridge offices.

The necessity of some
adequate method of train
communication and sig-
naling in cases of fog or
some emergency has been
felr, but there have been
difficulties in the way of
establishing telephonic
communication with mov-
ing trains that have pre-
vented it from being put
into practice.

Mr. Martin has overcome
these difficulties and has
succeeded in oommunicat-

© 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

April 4, 1896.]

^tuntitit ^mtxitm.

217

ing with moving trains with the same facility as be-
tween fixed points. The bridge is provided with a
trolley wire for electrically lighting the trains. This
wire, which was used in the telephone experiment,
was connected with the train dispatcher's office and
with the bridge offices, and upon the cars were placed
arms provided with compound brushes which touched
the trolley wire. The circuit was completed
through the car truck and track rail, the
connection between the circuit wires and
truck being completed by a brush resting on
one of the car wheels.

The compound brush consisted of a num-
ber of brushes of brush copper fastened to-
gether with intermediate pieces of soft rub-
ber. The brushes being electrically con-
nected with each other and with the tele-
phone wire, arranged in this way, unbroken
conversations could be carried on while the
trains moved along. The electrical contact
of the compound brush with the trolley wire
was so perfect that the sliding of the brush
on the wire produced no noticeable effect.

It is proposed to permanently equip the
cars with telephones and to provide a suita-
ble electric conductor on the bridge in con-
venient position for contact with the
brushes carried bv the cars.

changes in temperature ; consequently the ratio of its
parts will not vary. The effect of temperature changes
on the leading wires, L and L', will not sensibly affect
the reading for tlie same reason.

In place of the galvanometer it has often been found
advisable to use a telephone, in connection with a cir-
cuit breaker, to show the presence of a current. It is

in this form that
the instrument is
illustrated here.
The coil having
been placed in the
position where the

THE THEBMOFHONE.

The thermophone is an instrument for
measuring temperature, particularly the
temperature of a distant or inaccessible
place. It was devised by Henry E. Warren
and George C. Whipple, in 1894, for the pur-
pose of obtaining the temperature of the
water at the bottom of a pond. The first
experiments were so successful, says the
Progressive Age, that they were encour-
aged to study further into the capabilities of the
instrument, with a view to adapting it to various sci-
entific and commercial uses. These studies led them
to believe that the thermophone is an instrument of
great value, not only for obtaining deep sea tempera-
tures, but for many meteorological and scientific pur-
poses.

The apparatus which is here presented for inspec-
tion resembles Siemens' resistance thermometer more
than any other. It takes advantage of the tact that
different metals have different electrical temperature
coefficients. The accompanying diagram illustrates
the general arrangement.

A and B are coils of different metals placed in prox-
imity and joined together as shown in the figure.
These coils are connected with a slide wire, CD, by
means of the leading wires, L and L'. The two ends
of CD are connected in
circuit with a battery, M.
A galvanometer, G, is put
into a leading wire con-
necting the junction of A
and B with a movable con-
tact, T, on the slide wire.
The galvanometer will in-
dicate zero current when
A CY

— = But A and B,

B DY

having different tempera-
ture coefficients, will vary
in resistance at different
rates with changes in tem-
perature; consequently
there will be a different

A
value of — for every tem-

B
perature. The value of
A CY

— = may be directly

B DY

read from a scale placed
under the sliding contact, Y, or
temperature corresponding to

A
given ratios of — may be marked upon
the scale. B

The slide wire is wound around the
edge of a disk above which there is a
dial graduated in degrees of tem-
perature. The hand on the dial is
directly over the movable contact on
the slide wire, and both are moved by
turning a knob in the center of the
dial.

It is easily seen that the tempera-
ture of the slide wire, CD, has abso-
lutely no effect upon the reading of
the instrument, for being made of one
piece of metal, which has the same
temperature throughout its length,
each portion of it will rise or fall in
resistance at the same rate with

3

THE THEBMOFHONE.

temperature is desired, the transmitter is taken from
its hook on the left hand side of the box and held
to the ear while the right hand of the operator turns
the knob over the dial until a point is reached where
no sound is heard. The dial hand then indicates the
true temperftture. If desired, a number of coils can
be located permanently at a number of distant points
and thrown into connection with central dial box, at
will, by means of a little switch board ; a scheme
which might be valuable for practical application in a
large gas works, as it would enable the superintend-
ent to ascertain the temperature at any given set of
points in the works at any time without his leaving
his office or desk. This instrument, as we are inform-
ed, is more sensitive than a mercurial thermometer.
It can be made with any de.Mred range, and its read-
ings are independent of pressure, an important feature

in a deep sea instrument.
E. S. Kitchie & Sons,
Brookline, Mass., are man-
ufacturers for the United
States and Canada.

Fig. 2.-€HLAMTD0SATTBU8 BTTKNIITO EBECT.

Posterior View, tal^en witb Aoechutz band camera.

the
the

Fig. 3.-CHIAHTD0SAUBTTS BTTHNINO EBECT,

Profile View.

Fig. l.-CHLAHTDOSATTBUS KINGI STANDING AT BAT WITH EBECTED FBILI..

THE FBILLED LIZABD-CHLAHTDOSATTBUS KINOI.
The above named lizard inhabits the northern or
tropical territories of the Australian continent, and
is tolerably abundant in both North Queensland and
the Kimberley district of Western Australia.

The habitat of the frilled lizard is essentially sylvan,
its resort being the thickly wooded scrublands, and its
favorite abiding place the trunks and lower limbs of
the larger trees. The length of the finest examples
rarely exceeds three feet, and of this the long, rough,
though slender tail monopolizes the greater moiety.
Living specimens exhibit a considerable individual
color variation. The predominant hue of the body
is pale brown with reticulated markings,
while the frill, in the males more especially,
is usually decorated with interblending
tints of yellow, scarlet and steel blue.

No living example of this singular lizard
had, up to the present year, been brought
alive to Europe, a circumstance which will
account, to a large measure, for the fact of
certain abnormal phenomena connected
with its life habits having hitherto attracted
little or no scientific attention. Through
the possession of living specimens of Chla-
mydosaurus in both Queensland and West-
ern Australia, several interesting data con-
cerning the species have fallen within my
notice.

Having, furthermore, succeeded in
bringing one out of several examples em-
barked safely to England, my presentation
of the animal to the Zoological Society's
Gardens, where it was on view for some
weeks, has afforded many fellow naturalists
the opportunity of verifying the phenome-
na here recorded. The most conspicuous
structural feature of Chlamydosaurus kingi
is the extraordinary development of the
cuticle of the neck, that gives to it its popular title.
This takes the form of a voluminous frill or collar,
which, while the animal is at rest or undisturbed, is
neatly folded in symmetrical pleats around the crea-
ture's neck and shoulders. No sooner, however, is the
lizard excited to hostility bj' the approach of a threat-
ening assailant, than, coincident with the opening of
the mouth, the frill is suddenly erected, much after the
manner of the unfurling of an umbrella, and stand;
out at right angles to the longer axis of the body,
measuring under such conditions some seven or eight
inches in diameter.

The mechanism by which the erection and depression
of the frill of Chlamydosaurus is accomplished is in-
timately connected with a slender process of the hyoid
bone, which traverses the substance of the frill on
each side, and is so adjusted that the opening of
the creature's mouth and the erection of the frill are
synchronous operations. A characteristic photograph
from life of this lizard in a condition of excitement,
and standing at bay, with mouth open and frill erect,
is afforded by Fig. 1, representing one of many I was

fortunate in securing from
the specimen I brought to
England.

The function of the frill
in Chlamydosaurus is, as
apparently indicated by
the circumstances and con-
ditions under which alone
it is displayed to view,
purely that of a " scare
orga.n," wherewith by its
sudden expansion many
of its would-be assailants
are frightened and deter-
red from attacking it. In-
stances have, in fact, been
recorded to me of dogs,
which will readily rush
upon and kill other and
larger lizards, such as Va-
rani, refusing to come to
close quarters with so formidable
looking an object as Chlamydosaurus,
when it turns upon them with gaping
mouth and suddenly erected frill.

Chlamydosaurus displays, however,
additional defensive tactics. When
approached these lizards will often
spring aggressively at the intruder,
and in addition to using their not very
formidable teeth, will lash sideways
with their long, rough tails with such
vigor as to smartly sting the band
which may fall within range of the
unexpected impact.

The natural food of the frilled lizard
consists almost exclusively of Coleop-
tera and other bark-frequenting in-
sects, a fact which emphasizes the dif-
ficulty of keeping them long in a state
of captivity. The several specimens
in my possession became fairly accus-

es) 1896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

2l8

^tmtiiit ^mnitm.

[April 4, 1896,

tomed to dieting on raw meat, though they would not
take to this artificially substituted pabulum volun-
tarily. On the slightest excitement, however, they
would open their months and erect their frills, and on
which occasions it was a simple matter to administer
pieces of meat, which were then readily assimilated.

The most remarkable feature placed en evidence by
the specimens I kept in captivity was their peculiar
method of perambulation. The statement that the
frilled lizard was in the habit of running erect on its
hind legs only was made to me in Queensland some
years ago. I failed, however, to verify this assertion
through the single living specimen I there had in cap-
tivity for a short interval ; and neither was a friend in
the northern district of the colony more fortunate,
who, at my request, made experiments with several
specimens. I was, on these grounds, inclined to sus-
pect that the rumor that had previously reached me
was the outcome of an optical illusion, many lizards,
such as GrammitophorsB, running so erect on their
haunches that it might be imagined their fore limbs
were raised from the ground.

It was, consequently, to my no small gratification
and delight, on becoming the owner of several speci-
mens, including the one brought to England, obtained
for me, with the assistance of the aborigines of Roe-
buck Bay, Western Australia, that I found myself in a
position to fully establish the truth of the report con-
cerning the erect gait of Chlamydosaurns that had
been communicated to me in Queensland. Possibly
the specimens previously experimented with had been
slightly injured during capture and lacked the stamina
to walk upright. At all events the Roebuck Bay ex-
amples, brought in straight from the bush, were in
vigorous health, and at the first trial when left at
liberty, save for a light retaining cord, ran along the
ground almost perfectly erect, with both their fore-
limbs and long tails elevated clear of the ground.

The attempt was made on the spot to permanently
register, with the aid of the Kodak camera, the ab-
surdly grotesque appearances these lizards presented
when progressing in this bipedal fashion. Such, how-
ever, was the speed at which the animals ran. that
the shutter of that instrument did not work fast
enough to secure anything better than a blur at close
quarters, and it was only by bringing an Anschutz
camera witii its most rapid roller blind shutter to bear
on this specimen, after its arrival in London, that the
Figs. 3 and 3, here reproduced, were secured. While
even these partake much of the nature of silhouettes,
they will serve to indicate the more characteristic run-
ning attitudes which this lizard may assume.

Fig. 3 in this series carries with it so essentially hu-
man an aspect that one is sorely tempted, at the risk
even of incurring scientific contumely, to place a cricket
bat in its right hand. The distance Chlamydosaurns
will traverse in this remarkable erect position may
average as much as thirty or forty feet at a stretch,
and then, after resting momentarily on its haunches,
it will resume its running course. When, however,
a short space of a few yards only has to be cov-
ered, the animal runs on all fours, sitting somewhat
high on its haunches after the manner of many ordi-
nary lizards, such as the Grammitop horse, previously
referred to.

The profile outline of Chlamydosaurns, presented
by Fig. 3, is peculiarly interesting, since it possesses so
much in common with that of a running long tailed
bird, such as a pheasant. This bird like aspect of the
frilled lizard, as exhibited when it crosses the ob-
server's path in bipedal fashion, has been the recent
subject of remark to me by a friend familiar with
the species in the Kimberley district of Western Aus-
tralia.

Special interest is attachable to this avian like am-
bulatory deportment of Chlamydosaurns by reason of
the generally accepted interpretation that the birds
are modified descendants of a reptilian archetype.
The temptation is naturally also very great to insti-
tute comparisons between, and to suggest possible
afiQnities with, this peculiar lizard and the extinct
group of the Dinosauria, and among whose represen-
tatives a bipedal locomotive formula was apparently
a characteristic feature. A reference, however, to the
skeleton of Chlamydosaurns does not encourage any
sanguine anticipations that may have been previously
entertained in this direction. It yields no indication
of that peculiar avian modification of the pelvic ele-
ments, adapted for bipedal locomotion, that are so es-
sentially diagnostic of the more typical Dinosauria,
while in all general points it is indistinguishable from
that of the ordinary Agamidse. — W. Saville-Kent, in

Nature.

^ » • > >

A PSALTER printed on vellum in 1459, for the Bene-
dictine monastery of Sankt Jakob, at Mainz, the third
book from the Mainz press and the second printed
book with a date, is offered for sale in Mr. Quaritch's
Liturgical catalogue for $36,350. When last sold, in
1884, this copy brought |34,750. No other copy has
appeared in the market for almost a hundred years.
It is far rarer than the Mazarine Bible, the first book
ever printed.

THE NEW X BAT " FOCnS " TUBE.

A new tube for producing the X rays has recently
been designed by one of the professors at King's Col-
lege, London, which is so great an improvement on
anything in this line that has been previously pro-
duced that it will undoubtedly give a great impulse
to the practical applications, especially to surgery, of
the new photography.

The sharpness of the image obtained in these photo-
graphs is due to the fact that the cathode rays are
focused to a point where they impinge on a plate of
platinum fixed on the anode. The X rays which pro-
duce the photograph radiate from this point, and, of
course, produce a much sharper shadow of the object
being photographed than when radiating from the ex-
tended luminous patch on the glass of the tube which
has hitherto generally been used. The cut shows a sec-
tion of the "focus" tube. The cathode plate, K, is a
concave disk of aluminum which focuses the cathode
rays at a point near the center of the bulb. The
anode plate. A, is a small piece of platinum foil placed
at an angle a short distance beyond the focus of the
cathode rays. Curiously enough, the cathode rays do
not cross like rays of light at the focal point, but be-
have rather like a number of fluid jets coalescing at the
focal point, and proceeding thence onward as a solid
parallel jet. The point where the rays impinge on the
platinum still retains its small dimensions, though the
plate is placed some distance beyond the focal point.

Platinum is known to be one of the most opaque
substances for the cathode rays, and thus very little
of the radiation passes through the platinum foil . The
greater part of the radiation is absorbed by the plati-
num, and given out as X rays from the luminous point,
by a kind of diffuse reflection. The anode plate. A, being
set at angle, the best part of the radiation is directed
downward through the sides of the bulb, where it can
be conveniently utilized to produce the photograph in
the usual way. The tube, H, through which the bulb
is exhausted, is shaped so as to permit the tube to be
fixed in a stand at the required height. The anode
and cathode plates are connected to the terminals

sion will decide on the value of the answers, and their
results will be published. By offering ttie prizes the
company reserves the right to adopt the solutions for
which prizes are offered, without further cost, on this
road only. Solutions which do not receive prizes will
be returned.

The following information is added : The maximum
grade is 35 per cent, the gage 1 meter, the smallest ra-
dius 100 meters, the smallest " ausrundungsradius" 500
meters, the greatest width of rolling stock 3 "50 meters,
and the greatest height 3 meters, the allowable speed
7 to 10 kilometers per hour. The water power for gen-
erating the current amounts to about 5,000 horse
power, and will be taken from the two Liietchinen;
from the turbine to the beginning of the road the dis-
tance is about 8 kilometers, and from there to the be-
ginning of the tunnel, 2°5 kilometers; the tunnel has a
length of 10 kilometers.

Applicants for prizes should send drawings or mo-
dels, if necessary, as also estimates of cost. Prizes
will be received up to August 1, 1896. Further infor-
mation may be obtained from the Bureau der Jung-
fraubahn, Bahnhofstrasse 10, Zurich, Switzerland.

Progress of Scientific IVork.

A year or two ago attention was called to the pre-
diction of an eminent authority that we were entering
upon a period of scientific activity that would far tran-
scend any previous experience. The most indifferent
observer cannot fail to be amazed at the manner in
which this prophecy is being fulfilled. Chemists are
astonished to find that the long familiar atmosphere
contains a large proportion of a substance hitherto
unknown — the strange and Inert argon ; and helium,
so long known in the spectrum of the sun, is discover-
ed as a terrestrial element. With the liquefaction of
air and hydrogen we are introduced to a new chemistry
of cold. Thedevelopmentofthe electric furnace brings
great possibilities in the reduction of certain metals,
and among its remarkable products yields calcium car-
bide, the source of acetylene, which is the first hydro-
carbon to be produced artificially on a large scale, and
a revolutionary achievement in chemical synthesis.
Most surprising of all is the new form of radiant
energy. Eager students everywhere have quickly be-
gun experimenting with the mysterious X rays, and in
afewdays we aregiventhenew artof "shadowgraphy,"
which promises, among other marvels, that the sick
can have their diseased organs brought to view, while
the curious can have their skeletons photographed
while they wait. The details of this new photography
are being improved daily. Other epoch-making dis-
coveries are almost grasped, and it is clear that, with
so many roads opened to peaceful conquest, ourend-of-
the-century days leave no time for demoralizing wars
over political boundaries. — Mining.

of the induction coil by platinum wires fused through
the glass.

Thegreat reduction in the length of exposure obtained
by this tube will undoubtedly soon enable the X rays
to be utilized for the examination of the thicker parts
of the body, as, for example, in abdominal surgery
It is highly probable that, by the use of special photo-
graphic plates, and phosphorescent screens, the time
of exposure may soon be still further reduced.

We are indebted to the Electrical Review, of Lon-
don, for the above particulars.

International Electric Rallnray Prize Problem.

The president of the commission in charge of the
design and construction of the mountain railway in
Switzerland to the top of the snow-clad Jungfrau
Mountain gives the following information concerning
the prizes offered for the solution of certain problems
involved in the construction of this road.

The total sum of the prize offered is 30,000 francs
($6,000) for the best solution of a number of questions
which are involved in the construction and operation
of this road. The chief points involved are the follow-
ing :

1. In the laying out of the road ; the profile of the
tunnel; the road bed and elevated structures; the rails,
rack, switches and crossings. The best system for
transmitting the electrical energy ; protecting against
interruption by atmospheric conditions ; rolling stock;
project for the construction of the station and restau-
rant at the Eiger Glacier station ; design of the
station (presumably near the top), which is to be
bored out of the solid rock ; an elevator of a height of
100 m. and 8 m. in diameter, to the top of the mountain.

3. In the construction of the road, methods of bor-
ing the tunnel, and all problems connected there-
with.

3. In the operation of the road, precautions and de-
vices for assuring continuous operation and preventing
interruptions. Method of lighting and heating the
tunnels, cars and stations.

Solutions of one or more of these questions may be
offered by single individuals or by several collectively.
Solutions of other questions not enumerated, which
are deemed of importance in the construction of this
road, will also be accepted. The scientific commis-

Tbe Deepest Shaft In the World.

At the greatest depth ever attained by miners in the
history of the world, the mines in the vertical Red
Jacket shaft of the Calumet & Hecla copper mine
have recently stopped sinking at a depth of 4,900 feet,
as this is the required depth necessary for this com-
pany to reach the limit of its underground territory.
Bored wells have been carried down to a greater depth,
but the Red Jacket shaft is the largest and best con-
structed mining shaft in the world. Its inside dimen-
sions are 14X33J^ feet, divided into six compartments
and timbered throughout with pine. The shaft was
started In the fall of 1880. The new shaft rock house,
which will be built of iron and will be made fireproof
throughout, is the only part of the work necessary to
nut this deep shaft in commission, as the hoisting ma-
chinery, which consists of two pair of triple expan-
sion engines of 3,000 horse power per pair, and will
hoist a load of ten tons 60 feet per second, was planned
and put in place while the sinking of the shaft was

going on.

^ < ■ > »

Tbe Untratbfalness of morpblnomaniacs.

The mental and moral destruction which occurs in
a victim to the morphia habit is a fact which unfor-
tunately has been only too frequently demonstrated.
This point has led to some discussion respecting the
expediency of rejecting the testimony in a court of
law of those who are known to be addicted to the use
of morphia. One authority has even gone so far as to
say, "I would not believe a man who is a victim of the
morphia habit on oath." No doubt the moral ob-
liquity as to truthfulness present in such a person
would be perfectly uncontrollable, under any circum-
stances, and unrestrained, even although he had
sworn to tell the truth. But before coming to any de-
finite decision upon the question of receiving or reject-
ing the evidence of such a witness, it would first of all
be only expedient to determine what constitutes a
person whose mental and moral capacities have been
tainted by the use of morphia. — Med. Press and Cir-
cular.

: ♦ < » > »

A BILL is before the Ohio legislature claiming bicy-
cles as vehicles to bring them within the vehicle taxa-
tion laws.

© 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

April 4, 1896.]

^tuntxiu %mmtm.

219

the
the

THE EDISON X BAY EXFEBIMENTS, APFABATHS
AND FLTTOBOSCOPE.

The laboratory of Thomas Alva Edison has been the
scene of active work during the present period of
interest in the Roentgen discovery. Mr. Edison early
began his investigations on the subject, feeling that
he needed but one or two weeks to determine the
controlling factors of success. As guide he bad Roent-
gen's original paper, and his path seemed short and
clear. Now, after two months' active work, his goal
is reached, and he has succeeded In devising a
simple apparatus by means of which the skeleton
of the lioibs may be observed as in a photograph.

His work has taken two principal directions :
one the perfecting of the Crookes tube ; the other
the production of an apparatus, the fluoroscope,
for enabling the X ray phenomena to be observed
directly without the intermediation of photo-
graphy. After endless trials with different glasses,
shapes, and sizes of Orookes tubes and disposi-
tion of electrodes, he has adopted as final shape
an ellipsoidal tube about five inches long, shown
in Fig. 1. At each end are internal disk elec-
trodes of aluminum slightly Inclined to each
other. The outside of the tube ends are coated
with metallic caps, forming external electrodes.
Of the efifegt of such a tube, about 60 per cent is
due to the internal electrodes and about 40 per
cent to the external ones. He next found that at
a particular point of exhaustion the effect was
best. This point is when the band spectrum be-
gins to disappear and the spectrum becomes con-
tinuous. Accordingly, he has adopted the sys-
tem of using a tube sealed at the ends and with
a short tube entering its side. The latter enables
connection to be made with an air pump of the
Geissler or Sprengel type. After connection with
pump, about half an hour's exhaustion gives
vacuum best for development of the X rays, the ob-
ject being to hold the exhaustion at the point of
maximum during the period of observation.

One very curious tube experimented with and
shown in Fig. 1 had Internal wire electrodes only, and
these were sealed into a rod or tube of glass extend-
ing from end to end of the tube. This tube gave good
X ray effects, although the electrodes were embedded
In glass. In another experiment, shown in the same
cut, a metallic tube half an inch in diameter and two
feet long was provided with a metallic shield at one
end. The shield end was placed against a plate
holder containing a photographic plate. The other
end was pointed at the Crookes tube. It was found
that whatever part of the tube the testing apparatus
was pointed at, the X rays produced the image of the
aperture through the long steel tube. This showed
that they are radiated iu all directions from an active
tube.

Combustion tube glass was chosen as material for
the Crookes tube, which is blown as thin as possible.
The second element of the problem reached was the
fluorescent screen apparatus, its construction and
fluorescing material.

Mr. Edison was early convinced of the impor-
tance of the visual as against the photographic
method of observation. Dissatisfied with the
barium salt used by Roentgen, he bent all his
energies to the development Jof a new apparatus
which should be superior in construction and
fluorescent material to any yet suggested. Dur-
ing his researches he examined some eighteen
hundred chemicals. To test them he used a
pasteboard cylindrical box, about two inches in
diameter and four Inches long, with a sighting
hole in its bottom. His assistant started at his
laboratory shelves and brought him, one by one,
every chemical in the place. Some of the chemi-
cal to be tested was placed in the inverted cover
of the box, the inverted box was put in place over
It, and Mr. Edison looked through the eyehole
in the bottom down toward an excited Crookes
tube. For four days and nights the tests went
on, many salts were laid aside as fluorescent, but
calcium tungstate proved Incomparably the best
— it Is about eight times as powerful as platlno-
cyanide of barium.

This salt is made by fusing together a mix-
ture of sodium chloride, sodium tungstate and
calcium chloride. The calcium takes up the
tungstic acid, sodium chloride being the other
product of the double decomposition. Treat-
ment with water dissolves out the sodium
chloride and leaves the insoluble crystals of
calcium tungstate. These are dried and sifted. Such
as go through a No. 30 mesh are the coarsest used.
The largest are distributed over a pasteboard screen
coated with wet celluloid varnish, then finer ones are
added until a smooth, uniform surface results. The
screen is mounted at the end of a sighting box of
pasteboard, with the prepared surface inside. The
other end of the box is shaped to fit the contour of the
face around the eyes.

On holding the hand over the end of such a box, if
X rays fall upon it, the surface will fluoresce, except

where the shadows due to the Roentgen effect are pro-
duced, with the same perfect detail that is seen in the
best of the Roentgen photographs. One gralm of
tungstate per square inch of screen is required for the
coating.

The cut (Fig. 3) shows the apparatus now being de-
signed for practical use. After what has been said it
is easily understood. The Crookes tube is contained
in the wooden box. On it the patient rests his hand
or arm, and the physician, with fluoroscope strapped
to his head, observes the condition of the bones. An

v.>^.

Fig. l.-EDISON'S EXFEBIMENTS WITH X RAY
FHENOMENA.

induction coil with rotary circuit breaker actuated by
a motor; and with Ellhu Thomson's air blast to blow
out the arcs, is to be part of the plant. Mr. Edison
finds that a condenser impairs the effect. The sud-
den break produced by the circuit breaker and air
blast gives the best effect.

The tube with which the writer's observations were
made was placed by Mr. Edison upon his air pump.
Gradually OB trial fiuorescence began to appear as the
vacuum increased, and occasional observations were
made with a pocket spectroscope to note the period
of disappearance of the bands. At last the X rays be-
gan to be radiated. The fluoroscope was applied to
the eyes, and its base appeared brightly illuminated.
The hand was placed over it, and a shadow was pro-
duced. Every minute the effect improved until at
last, almost with startling suddenness, the bones ap-
peared in perfect outline, the flesh having almost en-
tirely disappeared.

The lower arm, held over the end of the'fluoroscope,
showed the space between the two osseous members,
the radius and ulna. A purse experimented with dis-
closed its metallic jaws and coins within it. A thick
board placed between the object and the instrument

The Cosmopolitan Horseless Carriage Competition.

In our issue of February 15, 1896, it was announced
that a competition of horseless carriages would be held
under the auspices of the Cosmopolitan Magazine, on
the 30th of May, for a prize of $3,000. The indications
are that the competition will be very successful. The
gentlemen who have consented to act as judges are as
follows : (Jeneral Nelson A. Miles, United States Army;
William T.Craighill, Chief of Engineers, United States
Army ; Mr. H. Walter Webb, Vice President, New
York Central and Hudson River Railroad Companj';
and Mr. John Jacob Astor. It was at first decided
that the award should be made from the finding
of the judges upon the following points: Speed,
50; simplicity and durabilitj' of construction, 35;
ease In operation and safety, 15 ; cost, 10. It was,
however, considered wise to revise the conditions
of the competition as it was thought that too large
a percentage was given to speed. The awards will
now be made upon the following points, the maxi-
mum being 100 : speed, 35 ; simplicity of construc-
tion and durability, 30 ; ease in operating and
safety, 35; cost, 10. The route selected for the
competition is about twenty-six miles in length,
thus requiring a total run of fifty-two miles. It
passes along Broadway to Centrol Park, through
Central Park to Washington Bridge, thence to
Yonkers, where the course will include five miles
of asphalt pavements, then following the country
Broadway to Irvington. paralleling the Hudson
the entire route and passing through one of the
most beautiful regions of America. The roadway
over which the trial will be made would be con-
sidered fine even in France.

■»<»>»

A PAVEMENT used in Vienna consists of granu
lated cork mixed with mineral asphalt and other cohi ■
sive substances, compressed into blocks of suital)le size
and form. Among the numerous advantages set forth
in its behalf are cleanliness, noiselessness, durability,
elasticity, freedom from slipperiness, whether wet or
dry, and moderate cost. Unlike wood, too, it Is non-
absorbent, and consequently Inodorous. It presents
the minimum resistance to traction, and, being elastic
under passing loads, does away with the vibration
caused by heavy teaming. The blocks are embedded
in tar, and rest upon a concrete base six Inches thick.
When taken up for examination they have exhibited,
when compared with new ones, a reduced thickness
by wear of less than one-eighth inch — this in the case
of a section of a London street leading to the Great
Eastern Railway station, subjected to continuous
heavy traffic, the blocks having been in use nearly
two vears.

Fig. 8.-EDIS0N'S STJBOEON'S X BAY AFFABATUS.

had but little effect in dimming the image. The
importance of this apparatus to the surgeon can-
not be over-estimated. It will give him an instant
diagnosis of his case. The photographic method in-
volves long exposure, in itself an evil, followed by the
slow development and drying of the plate, and, worst
of all, the uncertainty of getting any result whatever.
The fluoroscope tells the story at once. Outside of
the surgeon's practice, it will be of great use to all ex-
perimenters with X rays, as giving them an instant
valuation of their tubes and of their ezcitatio"..

A inountaln of Solid Granite.

BY WALPRED WILSON.

In Burnet County, Texas, rising abruptly out of the
level prairie, is a mountain of solid granite as smooth
and bald as a negro's head without hair. It covers an
area of seventy-five acres and rises two hundred
feet above the surrounding surface. It contains,
above the level of the base, one hundred million
cubic feet of granite, available to the quarryman
without a foot of dirt or other matter to be strip-
ped off. The value of granite at the quarry in
Eastern States is twenty-five cents per cubic foot.
The granite in this mountain, atthe nominal value
of one cent per cubic foot, would be a million dol-
lars for the amount of stone above the level of its
base. The size of the stones which may be here
quarried and moved is limited only by the capa-
city of machinery for moving them. Tests made
by Col. D. W. Flager, of the United States Army,
at the Arsenal, Rock Island, III., and certified by
him to the Texas capital commissioners, show the
crushing strength of the granite from this moun-
tain to be 11,891 pounds to the square inch, while
the ratio of absorption of water to the weight of
stone tested was only 000094 after soaking forty-
three hours. Its specific gravity is 3'8349. The
granite from this mountain is pronounced equal
to the celebrated Scotch granite and It contains
comparatively no iron or other foreign matter. It
is stripped by nature and lies in regular strata, is
very easily quarried and cut, and assumes a mag-
nificent polish. In color it varies from the red or
rose colored stone, of which the State capitol is
constructed, to a light gray, with various inter-
mediate shades. Granite has been taken from
this mountain for the capitol building and dam
at Austin, the jetty works at Galveston Harbor
and mouth of Brazos River, and the government build-
ing at Kansas City, without having any perceptible
effect upon its appearance. At a distance it looks as
if it had never been touched.

A TAX on vehicles, whether kept for hire or per-
sonal use, is imposed in many Western communities,
on the principle that their owners should pay specially
for the use of the highway, and the Indiana Supreme
Court has decided that such a tax may be collected
from non-residents who drive over the streets of a city.

© 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

220

^tmiiiU ^mmtm.

r April 4, 1896.

BECENTLT PATENTED INVENTIONS.
E n S i n ee ri uff.

Center Blast Pipe for Furnaces.—

Charles Johnson, Rutland, Yt. This is an improvement
apon a formerly patented invention of the same inventor,
designed to insure'an equal distribution of theair through
a tuyere opening into the heated fuel in the stack, andto
permit of readily repairine burned parts of the pipe. The
original invention was illustrated and described in the
Scientific American of July 13, 1895. A series of re-
movable rings loosely surround the pipe, which is made
iu sections, with tuyere openings between them, and the
pipe has a conical cap, on the base of which is an annular
flange holding a protecting ring.

Vapor or Steam Condenser.— Albert

Hoberecht, Ensenada, Mexico. This condenser com-
prises a casing having an offtake or stack at its upper
end and a steam inlet at its lower end, there being in its
sides air inlets connected with cold air supply pipes,
while horizontal baflle plates within the casing direct the
ascending steam and vapor past the cold air jets. The
amount of cold air admitted may be regulated by damp-
ers, and the water of condensation is passed to an outlet
at the bottom of the casing.

Surface Condensing Tube.— This is

another invention of the same inventor, providing a con-
densing tube having internal and external condensing
surfaces of a material which will conduct heat quickly
and of a minimum thickness, whereby the air will have
increased cooling action on the outside of the outer tube
and the inside of the inner tube. The inside and outside
faces of the tubes are strengthened and reinforced by
spiral spring wire coils, and both the wires and tubes
are strengthened by spiders or transverse supports, so
that the tubes will have strength to withstand vacuum
and pressure.

KatJway Appliances.

Car Fender.— Augustin M. Chavez,

Mexico, Mexico. This fender is designed to rescue a per-
son lying on the ground as well as one standing up in the
path of a moving car, being, it is claimed, thoroughly
antoraatic in its action, and of simple, durable and inex-
pensive construction. It is made in two scoop sections
adE-pted to balance one another, and the forward or re-
ceiving section being only slightly above the surface of
the ground. Covering both sections is a bed of netting,
in which one stmck by the fender is received, without
liability to injury.

Railroad Tie Plate.— Alexander B.

B. Harris, Bristol, Tenn. This is a flat plate having
tongues or split extensions adjacent to the spike holes,
the tongues having projecting toes or flanges adapted to
be expanded or forced outwardly and embedded in the
tie by the thrust of the spi^e. The plates are designed
to prevent the wear of the tie beneath the rail, for which
a solid, firm, and secure anchorage is formed.

Car Wheel and Track.— Christian

W. Flint, Port Townsend, Washington. To permit a
train to run around curves with great speed, without dan-
ger of derailing and without inclining tho tracks, this in-
vention provides for having two rails for such sections,
one rail having its tread higher than the other, and the
elevated tread being beveled downward toward the other
raU, the wheel also having two treads of different diam-
eters, with a dividing flange between the treads. The
gage of the rails on a curve will be about half an inch
wider than on a straight track, to prevent the flange
of the outer wheel binding on the head of the outer
rail.

Ellectrical.

Electric Lamp.— Charles E. Quimby,

New York City. This invention provides for an electric
lamp arranged singly for attachment over one eye, or for
a pair of lamps to be mounted on a spectacle frame, the
incandescent filament occupying an annular globe in a
suitable casing, the globe having an internal diameter of
three-eighths to half an inch. The ends of the incande-
scent filament are attached to wires sealed in the glass,
and insulated wires furnishing the cnrrent are connected
with the lamp by binding screws, the lamp being at-
tached by a nnivefBal joint to a band passing around the
bead of the user.

mechanical.

Carpenters' Plane Oiler,— Theo-
dore M. Anderson, New Whatcom, Washington. To re-
duce friction between the plane and the wood being
dressed this inventor provides a lubricating attachment
according to which the plane has a base portion with par-
allel and perpendicular sides between which is a block, a
bit mounted between the sides being supported by the
block, in which is an oil chamber, a wick in which is
adapted to extend to the under side of the stock.

Grinding Mill.— George C. Ahrens,

Qillespie, 111. This is an improved mill for grinding
coffee, spices, cereals, etc., and is designed to grind large
quantities without much exertion. It has crushing and
grinding smfaces arranged one above the other, the
crushing burr forming a feed for the grinding burr, and
the stem of one of the burrs being hollow to receive the
stem of the other bnrr. The stems are locked together
in unison and are operated by a handle.

Ball Bearing.— Frederick C. Avery,

Chicago, 111. This inventor has devised a means of pro-
tecting a ball bearing against dust or grit, and a bearing
that will retain the balls when the cone is removed, the
oil being applied directiy on the balls, simplifying and
cheapening the construction without any addition in
weight. The usual flange of the cone is cut away and its
outer portion is made cylindrical and of less diameter
than the shell or the ball holder, the space being made
use of for a special form of dust protector, combined
with which is an oil receiver.

Its upper and lower portions forming substantially two
conical sections, and a sleeve In the central portion hav-
la a flexible connection to engage nalyards, The ap-
paratus is designed to be navigated by an electric or '.
other motor, side propellers forcing the car up or down
or forward or back, and rendering its steerftig easy.

Multiple Projectile. — Larence A.

Johnson, San Francisco, Cal. This is a projectile more
especially designed for long range use, and is made in
three or more sections which may be separated from
each other and arranged to form a projectile to be fired
from cannon In the usual manner. The separable sec-
tions of the body are each formed with a bore adapted
to contain a charge, the sections each having a shank
fitting in the bore of the next section, dowel pins engag-
ing recesses in the opposing section, and the sections
having Interlocking external rings. .

Sled Propeller —Willis A. Bradley,

Qem, Idaho. This invention provides a steam-propelled
ice boat, which may also be used as an engine of a train
of boats to be drawn over the ice. It comprises a frame
having adjustably mounted and independent runners at
each side and a steering runner at one end, while a motor
operates a spiked drive wheel. The boat may be gnlded
and controlled by levers and appliances in the pilot
house.

Dump Wagon.— George Vaughan, SaU,

Lake City, Utah. The bottom of the body of this wagon
is composed of a number of drop doors which may be
opened by the driver by turning a crank, the arrangement
being such that the entire load may be dumped in a pile,
or it may be distributed over a given area, the driver not
having to leave his seat. The improvement does not in-
terfere with the carrying capacity of the wagon.

Vehicle Wheel Bearing. —John

Fettinger, Santa Barbara, Cal. The hub box, according
to this improvement, has an integral spindle adapted to
engage a tubular axle, reducing the friction of the bear-
ing parts to a minimum, while the wheel hub, by reason
of the long spindle, easily maintains its proper relation
to the axle, so that wabbling is prevented and the wheel
is held to run true. Abundant lubricant may be passed
between the spindle and the tubular end of the axle, ob-
viating the necessity of frequent lubrication.

Extracting Gold from Solutions.

—Giles O. Pearce, Colorado City, Col. To extract and
recover gold and platinum from aqueous solutions, par-
ticularly sea water, this inventor provides for passing the
solutions through a mass of ve^table carbon having as-
sociated with it sulphate of iron, oxalic acid and tartaric
acid, to secure the reductions and depositions of the
metals on the carbon, which is afterward burned, reduc-
ing and melting the metals into a mass.

Machine for Undoing Cigarettes.

—Jose M. Urgelles, Guyaquil, Ecuador. For opening
or undoing cigarettes which are defective, that the to-
bacco may be used again while the wrappers go to waste,
this inventor has devised a machine in which a mova-
ble box Is arranged to reciprocate back and forth
between a feed device and a cutter, the defective cigar-
ettes falling from a hopper upon the bottom of the box,
and being carried singly into the path of cutter blades,
by which they are torn open and fall into a receptacle
below.

Copy Holder.— George E. Smith and

Frank P. Garrison, Westwood, Ohio. This device com-
prises a standard on which is movable a runner with
horizontally swinging arm carrying a pivoted copy-
holding frame whicli may be swung to bring it into any
desired position. A spring-actuated clamping bar of the
copyholding frame is also adapted to hold books, the
bar being arranged to bear on each side of an open book.
The device is very simple and inexpensive, readily ad-
justable, and adapted to be securely fastened to a table
or desk.

Fly Trap.— James S. Shumate and

Henry W. Bartels, Honck, Mo. This is a device adapted
for attachment to a curtain, so that when the curtain is
drawn over a window light is admitted only through the
trap, thus attracting the files to enter it. Means are pro-
vided for regulating the amount of air to be passed
through the trap, and the device is very simple and inex-
pensive.

Note.— Copies of any of the above patents will be
furnished by Munn & Co., for 25 cents each. Please
send name of the patentee, title of invention, and date
of this paper.

how technical works should be indexed. Everything
touching the subject, from A to Z, seems here to be cov-
ered. Numerous illustrations are contaioed, and the sub-
jects of analysis and examination of materials are excel-
lentiy treated. Thus we notice, among other features,
description of new apparatus for the determination of
specific gravity and melting points, with illustrations and
descriptions of their use in the text The book is one
that should be on the shelves of the libraries of all soap
manufacturers. We cannot but believe that the tech-
nology of one subject will be of assistance in the study
of many others. One chapter is devoted to the biblio-
graphy, and the meagemess of the list would seem to in-
dicate how littie trodden is the field which is open for
snch a work as the one under consideration.

'^usinesd and "TPevsianaL

The dutrge for Insertion under thi$ head ie One DoOar a line
for each i/nMtrtion : about noht worda to a line, Advcr-
twTTwntM muit be received at vublication office a» eariy om
Thitrsdav jnoming to appearin the foUovfino week's issue.

Marine Iron Works. Cbicaffo. Cat9ioKue free.

** C. S." metal poUpb. Inrlianapnlis. Samples free.

Presses & Dies. Ferracutp Mach. Co., Bridpeton. N. J.

Handle & Spoke Mcby. Ober Latbe Co..Cbaffnn Falls.O.

Try us for manufacturing your wire or sheet metal
specialties. The Enterprise Mfg. Co., Akron, Ohio.

Screw machines, millin>r macnmeo. and drill presses.
The Garvin Mach. Co.. I.aiirht and Canal Sts.. New York.

Cripple Creek— Complete history of the sreat (lold
camp, with ourblK 5&-eol. papers mcs. for 25e. in stamps.
Illustrated Weekly, Denver. Colo.

The best book for electricians and beginners in elec-
tricity Is " Kxperimental Science,'' by fJeo. M. Hopkins.
By mail. f4 , Munn & Co., pub11sberE,361 Broadway, N. Y.

More profitable than your business. Investigate Ran-
some's Concrete Construction. Easily learned. I iberal
terms for exclusive riarbts. Ransom e & Smitb Co.,622
Boylston Bldg., Cbicafco.

Wanted.— Copies to com plete flies of tbe following Re-
volutionary maffazines: Hassacbusetts Magazine. New
York Magazine, Royal American Mafiazme, Columbia
Magazine. State price, and wbetber perfect or not.
Address M. A. C, Box 773, New York.

Wanted— A partner to exploit tbe safe use of gun-
powder or other explosive as a motor suitable for aerial
or siren purposes ; or tbe whole Invcutlon for sale. Ad-
dress J. C. White. Swatara. Schuylkill Co.. Pa. Refer-
ence, J. A. Wiedersbetm, Record Building, Philadelphia.

(V'Send for new and complete catalofzue of Scientific
and other Books for sale by Munn & Co.. 361 Broadway,
New York. Free on application.

»IB$

niscellaneoas.

Air Ship. — Manoel V. Coatinho, Para,

Brazil. This inTention comprises a balloon with side
flange eztendlns aroand the bow to serve as an aeroplane.

NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS.

Computation Rules and Logarithms,
WITH Tables of Other Useful
Functions. By Silas W. Holinan.
New York and London : Macmillan&
Company. 1896. Pp. xlv, 73. Price
$1
Of those who nse logarithms, very many imperfectly
andeistand the f nil use to be made of them. There is
mach in the science of compatation that is not always
fully grasped even by those who have long calcola.
tjons to make, andto such persons the clasB of works giv-
ing compatation roles are particalarly valnable. They
Bhonld be in the hands of all ecientiflc students. These
columns are admirably printed so as to save the strain on
the eyes incident, and unavoidably so, to the use of such
tables. A very nice feature of the book is found in the
last pages, where a quantity of logarithmic constants,
mathematical and mechanical, are given, so that log-
arithms can be directly applied to the most generally
osed calculations of mechanics

A. Treatise on the Manupactdre op
Soap and Candles, Lubricants,
AND Glycerin. By William Lant
Carpenter. Second edition. Re-
vised and enlarged by Henry Leask.
London : E. & F. N. Spon. New
York : Spon & Chamberlain. 1895.
Pp. xii, 446. Price $4

An excellent idea of the extent of this work and the
fullness of ttie treatment accorded to its subject can be
gained from the twenty-two paee index, and it really
is an examvde to technical publishers as an illostration of

hints to COKRESPONDBNTS.

Names and Address must accompany all letters,
or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for oui
information and not for publication.

References to former articleB or answers should
give date of paper and pa^e or number of question.

Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should
be repeated ; correspondents will bear in mind that
some answers require not a little research, and,
though we endeavor to reply to all either by letter
or in this department, each must take his turn.

Buyers wishing to purchase any article not advertised
in our columns will be furnished with addresses of
houses manufacturing or carrying the same.

Special Wrillcii liil'<»rinntioii on matters of
personal rather than general interest cannot be
expected without remuneration.

Sclentilic Aniorican Supplements referred
to may be bad at the office. Price 10 cents each.

Boole »( referred to promptly supplied on receipt of
price.

Ifllnerals senttor examination should be distinctly
marked or labeled.

(6803) O. H. F. asks : By what electri-
cal arrangement can I heat to 103 degrees Fah. a Imx 3
feet square by 2 feet tiigh ? Am using gas now, but with
poor result. A. Use a coil of iron or German silver wire
if you have an incandescent system to draw on. For
thermostats see our Sitpplemsnt, Nos. 84S, 903, 959.

(6804) H. M. H. asks : Can you give

me a number of good and simple receipts for an inex-
pensive, colorless gam, for labels F A. 1. Tragacanth, 1
ounce ; gum arable, 4 ounces ; water, 1 pint. Dissolve,
strain, and add thymol, 14 grains ; glycerine, 4 ounces;
and water to make 2 pints. Shake or stir before using it.
2. Rye flour, 4 ounces ; alum, ^ ounce ; water, 8 ounces.
Rub to a smooth paste, pour into a pint of l>oiling
water, heat until ttiick, and flnally add glycerine, 1 onnce,
and oil cloves, 30 drops. 8. Rye flour.4 ounces ; water, 1
pint. Mix, strain, add nitric acid, 1 drachm, heat until
thickened, and flnally add carbolic acid, 10 minims ; oil
of cloves, 10 minims ; and glycerine. 1 ounce. 4. Dextrin,
8 parts ; water, 10 parts; acetic acid, 2 parts. Mix to a
smooth paste and add alcohol, 2 parts. This is suita-
ble for bottles of wood, but not for tin, for which the flrst
three are likewise adapted. 5. A paste very similar to 3,
but omitting^ nitric acid and glycerine, is also recom-
mended by Dr. H. T. Commings.

(6805) P. A. J. asks : 1. Where can the

calcium carbide be obtained A. Ton can get calcinm
carbide from the dealere In scientiflc and mechanical sup-
plies. 2 Would like to get a good recipe for a frosting
on a skylight. It must look neat when dry and not wash
off easily. A, Sandarac, 18 parts ; mastic, 4 parts; ether,
200 parts ; benzol, 80 to 100 parte ; or, for an imitation
ground glass that steam will not destroy, put a piece of
putty in muslin, twist the fabric tight and tie it into the
shape of a pad; well clean the glass first, and then pat it
over. The pntty will exude sufficiently through the mus-
lin to render the stain opaque. Let it dry hard and then
Tarnish. If a pattern is requited, cut it out in p^>er as a
stencil ; place it so as not to slip and proceed as above,
removing the stencil when finished. If there shonld be
any objection to the existence of tbe dear spaces, cover

with slightly opaque vamlsh. S. In order to Increase an
electric spark, what should I do— increase the num-
ber of windings on spark coll or nse more battery ? A.
Increase the number of windings and the size of core of
Cie coil. More battery will also increase the spark. In
the SciKNTiric Ahibican, vol. 74, No. 2, spark coil ap-
paratus for lighting gas Is descrilied.

(6806) R. A. R. asks : 1. Can I make a
coil to give a 3 or 4 Inch spark, ushig No. 16 wire for the
primary and for the secondary No. 36 cotton covered wire
and Immersing the whole coil in parafflne or other oil,
first heating so it wfll penetiate? I would make the in-
terrupter Independent, Do yon think the oil insulation
would stand If I made the coillong and thin, rather than
short and tliick, and would I get the same effect? A.
Our SiTFFLXMEKT, No. 160, describes a coil rather smaller
than the one you specify, but it gives a good model to
go by A coil such as yoa descril>e is large for an ama-
teur to make. See also our Sutflbkent, No. 229, for a
larger coil. Nothing is better than oil as an Insnlator, as
it is self -repairing. Ton may make the coil long. Wind
the secoodaiy in short sections. 2. What is a Tesla coil?
A. Tesla uses a liquid dielectric in his coil. It Is adapted
for high potential work. 3. I want to tap the incandes-
cent circuit alternating of 54 volts, using a step-up trans-
former to get 1,000 volts, and then increase the voltage
so as to get as high as possible voltage and lowest am-
perage, getting the luminous vacuum effects. How
shall I proceed 1 A. Use converters, establishing the
desired ratio between the number of turns in primary
and secondary. Diminish the size of wire to correspond
with the reduced amperage. 4. Where can I get Sir Wil-
liam Thomson^s table for computing voltage by tbe
spark length ? A. Allow 10,000 voltsper one-tenth inch.

(6807) W. W. K. asks : 1. Are the car-
bon plates used in batteries made of carbon which has
first been ground and then moulded Into the plates ?
If so, please describe the process, so that I may be able to
make them. A. They are moulded. For description of
the identical manufacture of electric hght carbons, we
refer yon to our Sdfplbkeht, No. 626. 2. What is the
l>cst way to melt gntta percha when making the com-
pound for rendering wooden cells acidproof, given in
SciBNTiFiR American of March 7, 1896, ninth question
of questioner 6746. A. Do it over a carefully regulated
source of heat. 3. About how many volts does an induc-
tion coil give when the spark is one-quarter inch long ?
A. See last answer in above query. 4. How much zinc
surface is required for each ampere in a Grenet battery?
A. No fixed area can be cited, as it constantly varies.
Allow one to three square inches of immersed plate.
5. Will you please give a table of wire resistances, etc.?
A. We refer you to Sloane's "Arithmetic of Electricity "
for a wiring table.

(6808) J. L. writes : How many volts

are there required to light a 16 candle lamp and also what
surface should I give to accumulators and how many bat^
teries must I liave to charge them? A. A 16 candle
power lamp is made for 20 to 120 volts, or even higher,
according to requirements. In a storage battery allow 5
amperes for each square foot of positive plate and 2 volts
for each cell. It is not advisable to make your own bat-
teries. For storage battery work nse the 20 volt lamps.
They consume 2 to ^ amperes each.

(6809) M. A. L. asks : WiU you give di-
rections through Notes and Queries for maldng the bel-
lows for a photographic camera, also the material used
for same? A. In our Supplement, No. 625, we give an
elaborate description with full illustrations of how to
make one, to which we refer yon.

(6810) 0. L C. asks : What is the aver-
age horsepowerofamodem passenger locomotive? A,
Thelargestlocomotives can develop 1,600 horse power.
The average work may be stated at about 1,000 horse
power with full trains, on up grades.

(6811) X. Y. Z. writes : 1. On a barome-
ter just purchased I notice that the vernier does not
correspond to the inch spaces on the scale, and, on inves-
tigation, I find that in all the illustrations of the vernier
in cyclopedias, etc., it is always made to conform to a
longer or shorter space than the spaces on the scale. In
our own barometer the inches on the scale Bie divided
into twentieths, while the vernier is divided into twenty-
fifths, and " evens up " with the scale at J^ of an inch.
Why is it not made so that the inch mark will be the
place where the scale and the vemiei agree ? As it is
now, it seems to me that the reading of the vernier will
not have as its unit the inch, but that it will have 1}
inches as its unit. A. The vernier, as yon describe it, di-
vides each ^ of an inch into 25 parts; the reading, in
other words, is to the iJii inch, and by eye yon can get it
to i^ inch. The vernier divisions have no reference to
the inch, but to the ^ inch. The vernier might just as
well have 50 divisions for 49 of the scale divisions, or any
other ratio (the Inch is not involved, bnt the fractional
or small divisions are)— in yonr case ^ inch. 2. What
mathematical principle is involved in the following ex.
ampies ? I am able to secure the answers, bnt cannot
Tdevise y satisfactory rule or method for solving either
ane. (a) A's age Is to B's as 1 to 3, but in 20 years their
ages win be as 1 to 2. Required their ages (20 and 60). (b)
A courier rides from the rear to the front and back of an
army fifty miles long while the army moves forward 60
miles. How far does he travel ? (About 120'711 miles.)
A. Algebra gives the readiest solutions, (a) Call A's age
X and B's age y. We then Iiave

3x=y ; (1)

2(x+20)=y+20; (2)

P=60 "^^"^
(b) Assume rate of army's march to be 1 mile per honr.
Let x=conrier's rate ; y=diBtance travereed by army
when courier reaches their front and turns. The time
occupied by the conrier will then be 60 hours. He will
ride forward a distance of 50 +y, will turn and ride back
a distance y. The distance he rides can be expressed by
BOX or by 60 + 2 y. This gives

50+2y=60x. (1)

While he rides forward 60H-y miles at z miles per honr,
thearmy moves y miles at 1 mile per hoar. Tills gives

SO+y

=y (2)

z

Solving, we get y= *'i260=3S-366+
SnbsUtntlng in (1) we find 50x=120'7U+.

© 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

April 4, 1896.]

^titntxiu ^mttum.

221

INDEX OF INVENTIONS

For which Letters Patent of (he
United Slate* were Granted

March 24, 1896,

AND EACH BBABING THAT DATE.

[See Dote atend of list about copies of tbese patents.]

Acetylene, method of and apparatus tor generat-

inK, W. G Clarke 666,736

Air brake mecbanism, L. J. Oeoett 566,815

Air cooling apparatus, F.W. Dold i 666,811

Animal trap, W. Leonard 666,994

AntikicWni! device, B. J. Moore 566,829

Ax and az handle. J. H.OberK 566,767

Baff frame. A. Reznicek 557,023

BaKtle, D. R. Porter 557,083

Barber's chairattachment, F. Faneuf 557.063

Battery. See Secondary battery.

Battery zinc support, U. J. Brewer 567,018

■ Bearing, roller, W. H. Woodcock 557,042

'Bed bottom, spring. Groff & ColTln 556.923

Bicycle, H. L. Boyle 566,802

I Bicycle handle, adjustable, Brunner & Lauffer 566,968

Bicycle suppoit, E. A. Letebre, Jr 666,758

Bicycles, child's seat for, WilllamsA Blllott 556,951

Bicycles, combined wrench and lock for, C. M.

Herr 556,976

Binder, temporary, B. S. Glover 566,816

Bobbin or analogous device, H. L. Gates 566,745

Boiier. See Steam boiler.

Boiler cleaner, M. Misic 667,007

Boot, ventilated, J. ». King 566,825

Bottle neck and cap, C. C. Brown 566,804

Bottle nipple, nursing, E. C. Myrick 556,859

Bottle, non-ailable, D. Hepp... 666.974

Bottle washing machine. P. Honska 566,822

Bouquet holder, L. W. Baldwin 566,728

Box. See Display box. Feed box.

Box cover fastener. D. W. Keeler 556,932

Box making machine, Loyens &, Paulson 556,997

Box shuck making machine, Loyens & Paulson... 566,99^
Brake. See Car brake.

Brick rougher and sander, J. G, Eerst 566,968

Brush, lTh. VanZandt 666,gr3

Bnckle,F.B. Fesler 556,743

Button cleaner and garment protector, O. L,

Kramer 556,935

Button drilling machine. M. Chernic 566,734

Button or stud card, C. P. Benedict 656,878

Button or stud, separable, Tjee& Bramberg - 666,861

Button shaping machine, J. Hen wood 666,748

Cake turner, automatic, L. B. Cobb 667.092

Can. See Oil can.

Can drying apparatus, H. Schaake 557,029

Can wiping machine, A. Cerruti 556.879

Capsule machine. Hubel & Smitb 657,073

Car bidy bolster, C. Hackney 557,070

Car brake, McGuire & Hubbard, Jr 557J)13

Car coupling. T. Kleimeier 556,990

Car coupling. Long & Anderson 656,995

Car coupling, G. ifeeker 556^27

Car coupling. Nutt & Butin 566,766

Car coupling. C. E. Ward 556,791

Car door. B. P.Monroe 557,009

Car fender. F. W. Darling 666,810

Carfender,B. a. Graham 556,969

Car fender, O. G. Hallenbeck 666,845

Ftrepnof and ventilating floor, C. Major 556,998

Fish plates, bolt and fasteningdevlcefor, Tyzlck

&Lawton 556,836

Flower holder, A. B. Cough 556,920

Fly case, D. E. Howe 666,982

Fork. See Vegetable fork.

Fruit dipping apparatus, Lynam & Russell 556.1

Fumlgator, J. S^ewman

(?ar, freight, J. Carr

Car, grain, J. Pearson .

. 556,960
. 556,768
, 657,061
. 556,973
. 666.885
. 566,821

Car. railway, W. Bberle

Car roofs, covering for freight, S. W. Hempsted

Car sand box, A. W. Ham

Car seat, F. H. Henry

Car, stock. Bell & Morgan 556,800

Car switching system, automatic. P. Lelardoux... 556,865

Car wheel holder, portable, D. L. McMlcken 666,764

Cars, etc., safety device for electric, Wheeler &

Gilbert 566,949

Carcasses of animals in halves, machine fur spllt-

tlng,W.A. Boyd 666,956

Carding engine stri ppinK mecbani sm, J. T. Meats 557.078

Carding machine, J. P. Thompson 566,872

Cards, machine for punching and lacing Jacquard,

V. aoyle 566,774

Cards, machine for repeating pattern. V. Royle... 666.776

Carrlage.J.N. Leitoh 656.863

Carriages, shifting rail for top, O. H.Hersey 666,977

Cartridge, thermo-explOBlve, C. H. Rudd 656,901

0^d6 £^66 FIt C&B6

cash register and Indicator, J. J. Lawrence, Jr,... 556.766

Caster, G. T. Hetzel 666.978

Centrifugal machines, driving mechanism for

hand power. F, Hugershoff 666,888

Chain, B. Becker 656,730

Check holder, B. Sterling 666,871

Chute for coal wagons, sectional, J, Roller 556,934

Cigar branding device, P. Gebhard. 557,066

Clip. See Trolley wire clip.

Clock resonator, 8. Wiilcoek 567,040

Coal cutting or like machine, F.Hurd .656.986, 656,986

Coal jigging apparatus, E. B. Coxe 566.739

Cook, plug, W.C. Jennings 566,889

Collar. 6. S. Elliott 567,062

Collar, horse, C. B. Akeley 666,953

Coloring or coating paper, etc., machine for. L.

Dejonge, Jr 857,056

Colter for plows, tilting, G. A.Jackson et al 656.764

Commode. P. Gelsman 557,067

Compasses and logs, electric recording Instru-

ment tor ships', C. L. Jaeger 556,987

Computing Instrument, J. Michaelson 566,761

Conveyer,.r. M. Dodge 567,058, 557,069

Cooker. T. Van Eannel 556,787

Corn popper, B. M.Gilpatrick 656,922

Corset, N. F. T. Hunt 556,927

Corset steel protector, A. A. Whipple 556.792

Cot or bed frame, J. U. Patterson 566,833

Cotton press, M. Swenson 657,089

Coupling. See Car coupling. Hose and pipe coup-
ling.

Cover for coal boles, etc safety, F. H. Moore 566,894

Creamer, centrifugal, B. O. N. Salenius 666,905

Crimping and beading machine, combined, H,

Schaake 557,028

Cultivator. H. C. Ham 666,746

Cultivator and weed cutter, combined, A. J. Mor-

ley 667,080

Current system, alternating, B. W. Rice, Jr 556,865

Curtain pole. Chaffee & Moore 557,091

Cutter, See Kotary cutter.

Cycle handlebar. A. J. Smith 557.035

Cycle stand. T. H. Walker 566,789

Damper, F. L Couch 556,73S

Darning device, M. P. C. Hooper 566,752

Darning holder, M. P. C. Hooper 556,751

Deflector, hot air, B V. Gintz 557.068

Derrick or crane. G. H. Williams 556,950

Detergent composition, P. T. James 566,847

Detonator, electrical, C. H . Rudd 566,902 to 566,904

Directory, business, J. D. Browning 566,842

Disinfector, graduated, Et. S. West 556,948

Display box. A. E. Mealy 556,999

Drill. See Radial drill.

Dumb waiter, A. Larsen 556.992

Dye, azine. R. Reyher 557,022

Dynamos or motors, wire gauze brush for, Soar&

Collier 556,870

Electric conductors, automatic grounding device

for. G. A. .lewett 556,823

Electric currents, converter of frequency for al-
ternating. Rutin & Leblanc b57,094

Electric elevator, E. W. Rice, Jr 556,866

Electric machines In multiple, operating dynamo.

B. Verstraete 666,788

Blectric motor controller. B. D. Priest 556,862

Electrical connector, P. H. Fielding 556,967

Electrical connector, B. L. Toquet 657,037

Electrical decomposing tanks, conductor for, J.

Leith 556,854

Electrode, secondary battery. O. Pirsch 656,769

Electromotors, regulating device for controlling

working of, R. Thury 566,945

mievator. See Blectric elevator. Water eleva-
tor.

Rlevator controlling mechanism, R. T. Crane 556,921

Elevator safety attachment, E. I. Pyle 556,771

Emery, coating Iron or other metallic substances

with, J. J. Faulkner 667,065

Enameling composition, A. Bagnall 566,727

Envelope sealer, G. H. Talbot 556,912

Eraser, O. W. Moorhead 556,762

Eraser, chemical Ink, J. W. Tallmadge 666,7%

Evaporating pan. G. H. Brower... 556,957

Evaporator, fruit. H. M. Amos 656.912

Fare Indicator, raster and recorder, H. Joudet.. 556.890

Fare register, S. M. Balzer 556,965

Faucet, washstand, W. A Kelly 556,755

Feed box and manger, D. L. Richmond 666.900

Fence, V. F. Mount 566.832

Fence, R. 8. Sayre 557,027

Fence, grave, G. W. Schaefer 667,030

Fence, wire, R. Phlllis 667,017

Fender. See Car fender.

Fertilizer distributer. M. Morse 557,010

Filter, G. Lamer 557,075

Fire escape, G. W.Cleveland 556,961

Fire extinguishing apparatus, E. E. Driver S57.060

Replace, water heating, Connell & Calboon 556,807

1. uxixiKauui I u , o. ^icnixjnu

Furnaca See Heating furnace. Roasting fur-
nace.

Furniture, revolving, Bostad & Erabo! 566.732

Fuses, device for placing electric blasting, R. H.

Elliott 666,882

Gage. See T'rack and wheel gage.

Gasenrlcher, G. G. Schroeder 657,086

Gas, generating Illuminating. W. C. Clarke 666,737

Gas manufacturing, A. W. Wilkinson 666,910, 556,911

Gas, manufacturing carbonic acid gas. Lane &

Pullman 656,991

Gate. See Railway guard gate.

Gate, B.B.Hlggins 556,887

Gearing, changeable, F . H . Lefroy 566,852

Gold separating machine, J.H. Sbufelt &,'i6,779

Governor for gas or gasoline engines, S. D. Sbep-

perd 656,907

Grading machine. W.D. Amett 656,954

Grate. C. Ylngllng 666,795

Grease cup, H. E. Stahl 656,780

Grinding machine, W. E. Cook 556,919

Grinding machine. H. B. Schureman 666,868

Gun. breech loading bolt, M. Mondragon 557,079

Gun carriage, counterpoise, J . A . Howell 566,926

Halrcurler, L. C. Wegefarth 667,038

Hame and name fastener, E. Gunther 566,924

Handle. See Package handle.
Hanger. See Pot hanger. Suit hanger.

Harness pad, G. W. Brown 556,915

Hat forming machines, feeding device for, F. P.

Poole , 556,861

Head rest. Akeley & Junkermann 556,952

Heating apparatus, hot water. H. R. Miller 556,828

Heating apparatus, regulating device for low

pressure steam, C. Obrebowicz 556,860

Heating furnace, J.H. Reader 656,899

Hides, skins or leather, machine for treating, W .

Evans 556,813

Hitching device, H. W. Chamberlain 656.917

Hitching device, horse, Miller & Barrlnger 557.005

Hitching post, T. I. Ashton 556,798

Horses while shoeing, device for securing, J. E.

Schneider 566.778

Horseshoe, J . B. Gravis 666,818

Hose and pipe coupling, E. J. Precourt 557,019

ImpacttoolT.H. Phillips 567,084

Indicator. See Fare indicator.

Injector. J. V. Motter 557,081

Inking fluid receptacle, J. H. Osgood 557,014

Insect destroyer, R C. Maddux 556.760

Insulated support for contact rails, Hanson &

Chapman 666,971

Ironing machine, W. A. E. Henricl 556,820

Ironing machine, neck and wrist band. W. A. E.

Henricl 656,926

Isomers, converting compounds of the citral

series Into J. CW. P.Tiemann 566,944

Jack. See Wheel truing jack.

Jenny for winding bobblnB,H.L. Bdge 556,843

Joint. See Rail joint.

Ketone and making same, aromatic, J. C. W. F.

Tlemann 556.943

Eettle. S. A. Fisher 556,884

Eitchen cabinet, S. W. Tate 567.095

Enittlng machine, straight, O. R. Herf urth 566.749

Enitting trimming, warp machine for. A. Ward.. 556,874

Labeling machine. Small &Biggar 657 087

Ladder, extension. C. W. H. Moulton 656,830, 556,831

Lamp, electric arc. G. C. Pyle 566,898

Lamp, electric signal, A . P. Ward 656,946

Lamps, air distributer for central draught, W. C.

Homan 556.980

Lamps, means for attaching and detaching elec-
tric, P.A. Butterfleld 556.969

Land roller, C. B. Miller 557,006

Lathe, engine. W.L. Schellenbach 657.031

Lead scum or litharge, reducing, J. Williams. Sr. 656,793

Lifting device. C. A. Vanwagener 556 837

Lightning rod bal I. B. K. Hum 596.981

Linotype machine, N. A. Larkin 666,993

Linotype mach ine, O. Mergen thaler 557,000

Liquids, device for contrnning the flow of, W. A.

Hull 556,983

Lock. See Trunk lock.

Lock.L. Noe 556,765

Locking rack for hats, coats, nmbrellas. etc.. L.

H. Latimer 567.076

Loom shuttle box operating mechanism. A. Gart-
ner.. ...... .;.,x...... 666,968

Loom shuttle tension device, Hamblln & Damon. 666,970

Lubricator, C. I. Thompson 656,786

Magnet colls, support forfleld, B. G. Lamme 666.891

Mailing machine, R. Helm et al 566.747

Metal tube, J. Carlson 556,805

Metallic compounds by electricity, process of and

apparatus for producing, B. N. Dickerson 567,067

Mill. See Windmill.

Moist ening cabinet, A. A. Adams 667,043

Motor. See Wind motor.

Motors and motor frames, means for supporting,

E.8. Breed ... 557,049

Mules, belt shifting device for selfacting, E. P,

Colby 566,918

Musical Instruments, mouthpiece for, W. B.

Leeder 666,757

Necktie bands, elastic attachment for, J. Baum-

garten 656.729

Oil can, W. A. Durrin 556,741

Oilcan, J. H. McGlnty 657,082

Oven rack, J. Stubbers 556.908

Package handle, A. W. Beers 556,877

Padlock, permutation, C. Myhre 657,012

Paint, fireproof. S. KalamaikowskI 556,849

Pan. See Evaporating pan.

Parer, vegetable, C. H. Wolf 556,875

Pattern, adjustable garment. A. Livingston 656,856

Photographic paper, sensitized, Boettner& Dlcke 567,047
Pintle cavities in timber, machine for cutting, G.

H. Cutting 557,054

Pipe wrench, D, R. Porter 556,834

Plane, carpenter's, O. S. Smith 666,835

Planter, bean, C. H. BIdwell 657.046

Planter, cotton. W. W. Eent 566,824

Platform, Saxtiini Reeder 657,026

Plow, rotary disk. C. A. Hardy 666,972

Plow, wheel, O. Christiansen 566,736

Post. See Hitching post.

Pot hanger or holder, N.J. T. Powers 666,770

Press. See Cotton press. Printing press.
Printing cylinders, apparatus for producing hol-
low celluloid, H. Zlegier-Reinacher 556,796

Printing press, rotary or coler, C. W, Dickinson . . 556.740
Printing surfaces, means for facilitating altera-

tionsof. M. H. Whittaker 567,039

Printing surfaces, preparing artistic. Herkumer

& Cox 556,975

Pulp washing machine, M.J. Roach 666,867

Pump, hydra lioalr.W. H. Powers, Jr 656.937

Punching machine, F . Phllipp 567,018

Puzzle, J. G. Meyers, Jr 55r,003

Pyrometer, recording, E. Brown 556,841

Radial drill, A. Mill 557,004

Rail joint, G. Stever 566,781

Railway block system, B. C. Rowell 666,773

Railway fog signaling apparatus, C. Tighe 557,036

Railway guard gate, C. L. Zuelke 556.797

Railway rail, street, J. F. Barrett 666,799

Railway rail cleaner, street, ('. T. BIschoff 656,731

Railway switch work, A.J. Moxham 556.896

Refrifrerator, evaporative, J. V.Frost 556,744

Register. See Casb'register. Fare register.
Regulator. See Windmill regulator.

Roasting furnace, J. B. P. Herreshoff 566,750

Roller, dee Land roller. Shade roller.

Rotary cutter, A. S. Vose (reissue) 11.526

Saddle pack cover, R. Murray 657,011

Samplingcotton, etc., device for, M. Swenson 557.088

Sash holder, O. Maher .... 656,858

Sausage filling machine, R. W . Seldeman. 557 032

Scale, price, H. Fisher 667.064

Secondary battery. M. Sussmann 556,782

Sewing machine trimming attachment, C. U.

Rutz 666.940

Shade roller, P. H. Brangs 556,839

Shade rollers, machine for making metal, A. P.

Madden 556,867

Sharpener, knife, S. L. Cohen 657,061

Sheet metal tube, N. W. Hartman 556,819

Sheet metal tubes, apparatus for manufacturing

helically coiled, W.HIllman 556,979

Shoe, A.M, Bollinger 656,801

8oe fastener, E. CoTipton 557.053

Skating floor. K. Mayer 657,0n

Skirt, bicycle, C.E, Dockham 556,881

Skylight and ventilator, D. Landstra 556,392

Sled, power, J. Runnoeet al 657,066

Sleigh, B.F. Sweet 566,783

Smoke consumer, J. M. Bstes 567,098

Soap, S. Andersen 556.726

Sprinkler sTstem, automatic, J. C. Westbrook 656.947

Square, C.H. Biggs 566,840

Stay, dress. N. p. T. Hnnt 666,928

Stay, dress, J. Janowltz 666,930

Steam, apparatus for regeneratlngexhaust, A. H.

Bngstrom 556,883.666,963.556,964

Steam boiler, J. J. Tonkin 556.909

Steam, device for regenerating exhaust, A. H.

Engstrom 566,966

Steering apparatus, boat, W. B. Cole 667,052

Stove, C. L. Hotmann 657,071

Stove, p. J. Pribyl 666,938

Stove or furnace, hot air, A. Anderson 566,913

Straw stacker, pneumatic, A. A. Russell 556,776

Straw stackers, deflector pipe for pneumatic. &.

B, Price 657.020

Suit hanger. M. A. Gates 556.814

Swing, W. Howard 656,981

Switch. See Telephone switch.

Swivel, W.A.Jameson 556,929

Table and kit case, convertible, W. B. Baxter, 667,044

557 045

Table leg, detachable, S. B. Slgler 5561869

Tag, marking, S. Dancyger 557.055

Tag, marking, C. Winkler 556,838

Telephone switch, W. A, Moore 666,763

Tie. See Bag tie.

Tire, pneumatic, T. B. Jeffrey 656,931

Tire, pneumatic, J. O. A. Kitchen 566.933

Tire, wheel, H. Carmont 657,050

Tires, apparatus for manufacturing pneumatic, J.

Sherbondy 557,033

Tires, Inflater for pneumatic, J. Savole 656 777

Tobacco casing and flavoring machine, J. H. Kes-

ter .566.989

Tobacco ordering apparatus. C. D. Campbell 556.916

Tongue for wheeled scrapers, H, L. Jacobs 566,753

Trace fastener, C. B. Easty 556.742

Track and wheel gage. Ward & Crahen 556,790

Trap. See Animal trap.

Tripod, camera, W. V. Esmond 566.966

Trolley, attachment, electric car, F. S. Smith 556.941

Trolley, electric, G. R. Mitchell 557,008

Trolley, electric railway. O'Shaughnessy & Crosby 557.015

Trolley suppoit. E B. W. Reichel 656,864

Trolley wire Clio, R. H, Beach 556.876

Truck center plate, car, C. Hackney 557,069

Truck, electric car, E. Lundqvlst 556,893

Trunk lock, R. T. Shelley 556.906

Tube. See Metal tube. Sheet metal tube.

Type writing machine, 9. A. Ellis 556.812

Type writing machine, W. P. Quentell 556,863

Umbrella or parasol cover or lining, J. den Har-

tog 566,846

Valve for engines, automatic shut off, H. Roche-

movitz 656,939

Valve gear cl utch, H"'. W. Gordon 556,817

Valve gear, expansion engine. C. H. Parsball 556,897

Valve mechanism, triple. G. W. Hayden 656.886

Valve, renewable check, C. H. Easter 666.962

Valve seat cleaner, J. W.Moore 556.895

Vegetable fork. G. W. Paige 657.016

Vehicle box and axle. J. L. Cook 556.809

Velocipede. C. Byrne 656.733

Velocipede forks, manufacture of heads for, A.

Clement 556,880

Velocipede toe clip, S. L. Ruden 567,025

Velvet, ornamentation of, A. WIssel et al 556,794

Vise. A. While 557,090

Wagon, lumber, B. F. Sweet 656.784

Watch bow fastener,!. Smith 557,034

Watch mainsprings, manufacture of, F. Purdy 557,021

Water elevator, O. O. Goserud 566,844

Wells, pipe valve for oil, J. Eifer 556.850

Wheel, A. G.Jennings 556.848

Wheel and axle. J. L. Cook 556,808

Wheel setting machine. C.H. Metz 657.002

Wheel truing jack. C. H. Metz 557,001

Wheels, support for rubber tired, R. Chandler 656.806

Winch, H.Ekrem 557,074

Wind motor, W. C. Bramwell 556,914

Windmill. W. C. Bramwell 566.803

Windmill regulator, F. Rice 656,772

Winding, or unwinding bands, aprons, etc., me-
cbanism for operating rollers in, J. Richard... 557.0',i4

Window. Lenz & Stumpf 556.759

Wrench. See Pipe wrench.

Yoke, neck, H.W. Wilcox 557.041

ll^dperiisements.

OKDINAKY HATES.

Inside Page, encli insertion - - 75 cents n tine
IIrcU Huge, encii iiisei'tion . - - - Sl.UU ;i line

t^~ For some elassea of AdverUsementa, Special and
Higher rates are required.

The above are charges per agate line — about eight
worus per line. 'I'his notice shows the width of the tine.
>ind Is set In agate type. Engravings may bead adver-
tisements at the same rate per agate line, by measure-
meni. as the letter press. Advertisements must be
received at Publication OtBce as earlv as Thursday
morning to appear in the rnliowing week's issue.

TRADE MARKS.

Air (roods, Mechanical Maaufacturlng Company... 27.985

Baking powder. Key star Baklnt; Powder Com.

pany 27,990

Beer, — Aktienbrauerel zum Lowenbrau in Mun-

chen 27,994.27,995

Bicycles, Monarch Cycle Manufacturing Com-
pany 28,034

Braids, capea or bindines for protecting the edges

nt seams of garments, H. Feder 28.008

Butter in paclcafc.es, Horey & Clark 27,991

Chemical compounds, certain named, V. Tomp-
kins 28,022

Cleaning and polishing preparations and wash-
blue, Schuiz APhilipp. 28,021

Coffee, Arm of W. D. & C. S. Edwards 27.933

Cuin receivers and coin controlled and operated

machines and apparatus, C. C. Clawson 28,004

Confectionery and candled.popcorn, F. W. Rueck-

heim & Brother 28,016

■Cornstarch, G. 8. Graves 28.017

Footwear for bicycle riders, C. H. Fargo & Com-
pany 28,009

Garment fastening eyes, Peet Manufacturing

Company 27,989

Gloves, garments, etc., fasteners for. Ball and

Socket Fastener Company 27,088

Insecticides, oily substances belonging to the

class of. Bo wker Fertilizer Company 27.999

Leatlier, Bernard & bYiedman 28,010

Matches, parlor, American Manufacturing Com-
pany 27,997

Meal, animal. Bowker Fertilizer Company 27,998

M ediclnal tonic, certain, A. W. Moore 28,014

Medicine for coughs and lung troubles and for

liver and kidney diseases. G. W. Griffin 28.013

Paints, stains, fillers. Japans and varnishes. Harri-
son Brothers & Company 28,002

Perfumes, G. H. Rives 27.996

1 Pills and pellets, A. F. Richardson 28,012

Plows and their parts. Bucher & Uibbs Plow Com-
pany 28.006, 28.007

Polishing cloths, gloves and mittens, J. J. Naef

et al. 27,987

Remedies for the ailments of animals. F. V.

Hueppe 28,011

Salad dressing, Salade Prancaise Company 27,992

Saws, steel, flies, shears and edge tools. J. Taylor- 28,003

Shirts, .waists and blouses for men and .boys, C.

Bisentnan A Company 27,986

Soap, Newell & Brother 28.018

Soap in cakes or powders, laundry, W. C. Craw-
ford 28,020

Soap, toilet. Quince Company 28,019

Stovepolish D. G. Skillings 28,000

Traps, called drawn traps, and made of lead
and electroplated, hydraulic pressed, American
Shot and Lead Conpany 28,005

Varnish for use on metal surfaces, colored and

transparent. Berry Brothers, Limited 28,023

Whisky, C. C. Bryan 28,015

Window, fittings, fixtures and appurtenances of
the Heydebrand safety, Heydebrand Safety
Window Company 28,025

Wood and plant preservers, W. Menzel & Son 28,C01

DESIGNS.

Bicycle forkcrown. F. F. Chrisman

Bicycle wall support, W.N. Beardaley 25.282

Can opener blade. H. Reno ?§•?§*,

Carpet, W. F. Brown 25,292

Carpet, C. F. Gedney 25,293

Carpet, A. K. May 25,294

Carpet, J. B. Neil 25,295

Carpet. A. P. Red die 25,296 to 25,301

Carpet button, st air, Warren & Walker 25,266. 25,266

Cigar box pattern. B. Steffens 25,288. 25.289

Cigar boxes, ornamental print.f or, N. Witsch 25,290

Coin receiver case, C. C. Clawson 25,280

Curtain pole bracket^ C. W. Smith 25.271 to 25.273

Fence post, S. B. Husselman 25,283

Ferrule. H. O. Schmidt 25,267, 25,268

Handle cap, cutlery, H. O. Schmidt 25.269, 25,270

Handle for button hooks, etc., T. W. Foster 25,262

Hod tongue, mortar, J. Green 25,277

Mirror frame. A. Wanner, J r 25.279

Pattern for metal stock. P. O. Dickinson. 25,287

Pocketbook frame, A. W. Scheuber. 25.278

Quilt, bed, F. Robinson 25.291

Ruler, W. V. Wilson 25,261

Scissors, T. W. Foster 25.263

Silversmith's stock, W. H. Jamoneau 25.286

Soda fountain plate, H. J. Welsh 25,276

Spoon.J. W. Maillot 25.259

Stove, gaa, A. H. Wolff. 25.284

Tag, T.H. Deveaux 25,274

Tea or coffee pot, blank. T. D. Brown 25,285

Toy cap exploder, B. R. Ives 25,275

Watch case lid, J. C. Dueber 25,260

A printed cnpv of the specification and drawing of
any patent In the foregoing list, or any patent in print
issued since 1863, will be furnished from this office for
25 cents. In ordering please state the name and number
of the patent desired, and remit to Munr & Co., 36r
Broadway, New York.

Canadian patents may now be obtained bytheiU'
ventors f or any of the inventions named In the fore-
going list, provided they are simple, at a cost of |40each.
If complicated the cost will be a little more. For full
instructions address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway. New
ITork. Other foreign xwtents mar also be obtatoed.

w

OODoHnETHLWOIlKEBS

without steam power can save
time and money by using our

FootaiiilllaqilPoweiinaGliiiieni

SEND FOR CATALOGUES—

A — Wood-working Machinery.
JJ— Lathes, etc.
SEBECA FALLS MFG. COMFAKT.

695 Water St.. Seneca Falls, N. Y.

L°OWER& FOOT ShAPERS. PLANERS. ORILLS.i
ATM ire MACHINL SHOP OUTFITS. TOOLS
#^ I ntO* AND SUPPLIES. CATALOGUL FRLL

SEBASTIAN LATHE CO. 120 CULVERT ST. CINCINNATI. 0.

♦♦♦««««♦♦««««««««««««««««««♦

HARDENED EDGE |

SOLID STEEL SQUARES?

Warranted accurate. Not graduated. J

1 inch, f 1.50. 2inch. *2.00. 3 inch, $250. ♦

Also iM, 6. 9, and 12 Inch sizes. ♦

^" Catalogue of Fine TooU free. ♦

% V^i. 8TARRETT 9S-... Athol, [?.¥.'* %
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦*♦♦♦

. . Physical and School Apparatus .

INDUCTION

w L/ 1 L O for experi-
ments in X rays and
other electrical work.

^~ Catalogue Free.

E. S. RITCHIE A SON S, Brookline, M .

The Curtis Patent
Damper Regulator

— the cheapest and most reliable. The only
regulator guaranteed to change direction on a
variation of j< of pound steam pressure. It
win control any damper.

fc* Send for circular S. n.

D'ESTE & SEELEY CO.

29 to 33 HAVERHILL STREET, BOSTON

Patent Carrying Track

OVERHEAD

TRAMWAY

for Mills, Foundries, Machine Shops, or for
Merctiandise. Send Sor Book.

The Coburn Trolley Track Mfg. Co.,

• • • HOLYOKE. IMASS . , ,

Upright Drills

and General Line of Machine
Shop Tools.

HILL, CLARKE & CO.

160 Uliver Street, BOSTON.

IKS. Cnnal St., UhiCBKO.

are often nearly ruined by using a grind,
stone not adapted to the woik. Our
quarries produce a large variety of grits
suitalie for grinding any tool.

tW" Mail we suul you our Catalonue,
which loM give you some infnrmatinni
GRAFTON STONE COJU'ANY.
No. 80 Blver Street, Grafton, Ohio

Improved ADJUSTABLE "S" WRENCH

Easily operated.
Free and - -
• - Accurate.^

For circular
address,

BEMIS & CALL HARDWARE & TOOL CO.,

P.O.Box 1400. SPRINGFIELD. MASS.. U.S.A.

Sti'onif,
Durable.

NEW PATTERN J2 INCH SWING

ENGINE LATHE

Stiff, Strong, and
Accurate ....

F. E. REED OOIHPANT,

Worcester, Mass., U. S. A

nice iloflelB, Tools, Special and General Machinery
UluO made to order. Prices moderate. A.GUENAllD
32 to 38 South 6th Street, BkOOKLYN, N. Y.

FINE TAPS, DIES, REAMERS ETC.

LIGHTNING

Liiflrhtnins nnd Green River Screw Plates.

Tap Wrenchee, Bolt Cutters, Hand and Power Drilling

Macbines, Puncblne Presses, and otber

Labor Saving Tools.

WILEY & RUSSELL MFG. CO., Greenfield, Mass

^^ Send for New Catalogue,

© 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

222

^titntitU ^mtxxtm.

[April 4, 1896.

This beats Wind, Steam, or Horse

Power. We offer the
WEBSTER 2^4 actual horse power

GAS ENGINE

for $1 50, less 10s discount for cash.
Built on interchangeable plan. Built
of best material. Made in lots of 100,
therefore we can make the price. Box-
ed for shipment, weight 800 pounds.
Made for Gas or Gasoline.

I^" Write for Special Catalogue.

WEBSTER MFG. TO.

1074 West 15th Street, CHICAGO

The Chicago Gas & Gasoline Engine

The simplest gas and gasoline
engine on the market. Has no
equal for absolute, steady speed
and durability. It is a dwarf
in size and a Samson in
strength. Catalogue sent on
application.

MANUFACTURED BT

J. J. NORiMAN CO..

48 "A" South Clinton St.,
CHICAGO, ILL.

TUBULAR
DRIVING LAMP.

IT is the only perfect one.

IT will not blow or Jar out.

IT gives a clear, white light.

IT IS like an engine head-
light,
thn
ahei

IT bums kerosene.

' throws the light straight
ahead from 200 to 300 ft.

Send for book ( free) .

tR. E. DIETZ CO., 60 Laight Street, New York. .
Mention this paper and get special discoitnt. W
^'^^^^•ESTABLISHED 1840. 9^/%^%^%^

ARMSTRONG'S » PIPE ^THREADING

— AXD —

CUTTING.OFF MACHINES

Both Hand and Power.

Sizes 1 to 6 inches.
Water, Gas, and Steam Fit-
ters' Tools, Mlnged Pipe Vises,
Pipe Cutters, titocks and Dies
unirersaiiy acknowledged to be
THE BEST. t^~Sendfor catalog.
THE ARMSTRONG MFG. CO.
Bridgeport, Conn.

BARNES'

UPRIGHT DRILLS

Complete line, rang'ing'

from our New Friction

Disk Drill, for ligrht Work

to 42-iiich Beick Geared,

Self Feed Drill.

Send for Oatalog'ue
and Prices.

F. & JOHN BARNES CO.,
1999 Ruby Street, Rockford, III.

Engineers and Firemen ^IS^ 'p°ATt*SSS

talning a list of questions asked by a board of examin-
ing engineers. Stromberg Pub. Co., St. Louis, Mo.

WATER MOTORS

GAS ENGINES & VENTILATING FANS

The best Motor in the world for driving all kinds of
light machinery, noiseless, neat, compact; invaluable
for blowing church organs, running printing presses,
coffee mills, ventilating fans, ice cream freezers, meat
choppers, etc. In use the world over, and recommended
Iw water companieseverywhere. Address for circular,
It nek lis Water Motor Co., Newark, N. J.* U.S.A.

VANDUZEN»;ir

PUMP

THE BEST IN THE WORLD.
Pumps Any Kind of Liquid.

A.lwayi In Order, never Clogi nor
freezei. Every Famp Onaranteed.

10 SIZES.

200 to 12000 Galloni par Hour.
Cost S7(o $75 each. Address

THE E. W. VANDUZEN CO.,

102 to 108 E. Steonil St., Cincinniti, 0.

Brazing^*^

For Bicycle Manufacturers,
Repair Shops, and Tool Room
purposes

Buffalo Dental Manufacturing Co.. Buffalo. N. Y.

Reagan Feed Water Heating, Water
Circulating and Shaking Grates

> - — ^ ^.^ for Stationary, Marine, and Locomo-
tive Boilers. AGENTS WANTED
in all parts of tbe United States to
manufacture our grates on royalty.
l^^ Send for Catalogue.

Water Circulating Grate Co.

Manuf 's and Sole Proprietors

GENERAL OFFICE & WORKS,

1026-1028 Filbert St., Phila., Pa.

Aoents wanted.

KLINE'S PATENT IMPBOVKD

Boss Jar Holler and Tod Wrencb

Entirely new— Fits any Jar.
No more burned hands in canning
fruit— No more broken jars while fill-
ing— No trouble to carry hot Jars-
No more bad temper trying to open
Jars— No more trouble to close them—
Made of best steel wire and rubber-
Will last a lifetime. Price 50c4>er set

KLINE «& CO., Alfra.,
4 River retreat, Fliirii, Pa.

, Cfffjl TER CA F4 CITr US/NC L ESS
/ POWER THAN ANVDTHSIS ON fAflTH

J, -^ GATES IRON WORKS-' t

i.-i>«--'G50 ELSTONAVt CHICAGO

To produce Typewritten work Faster,

Easier, and Better thaii manuscript

written with a pen

^be I\ecorcl of \\)Q

R0.2H

ammon

d!

SPEED— 206 words a minute.

TOUCH-Light, elastic, with key depression
one-half that of other machines.

WORK— Equal to a handsomely printed page
because alienment Is perfect,
impression la uniform, and all char-
acters graceful and clear cut.

THE HAMMOND TYPEWRITER CO., 401 last 62(1 Street, New York.

Many Typewriter
lmprovemenfcs^=

interest the novice bat excite the scorn
of the expert.

The
Number

CTY New
OlA. Model

Remington

Standard Typewriter

is not built that way. Its improvements are
Real — real to the experienced operator* as
well as attractive to the novice.

A developemeat — not an experiment

FACTS PROVE IT

SEND FOR A BOOKLET

Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict

327 Broadway, New York

ICE HOUSE AND COLD ROOM.— BY

R G. Batfleld. With directions lor construction. Four
engravings. Ck)ntained in Scientific American Sup-
plement, No. S!>. Price 10 cents. To be bad at this
ofiBceand from all newsdealers

The Success of the ^ ^

AMERICAN
TYPEWRITER

$8

Is due to its capacity for doing the best work, and lots

of it.
7500 of the New model No. !j sold since last July.
It is simple, durable and always goes.
In combination with the Duplicator ISO copies can be

made in one-half hour.
^~ Send for hand8(mi€ly iU-uitrated catalogue to

THE AMERICAN TYPEWRITER CO.,
267 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

PERFORATED

METAL

Chicago. 1LL.US.A. ™tm tu t'EARis^NEWYORKi

DOTOUEOWN
PRINTING

IS. PRESS fl>r

cards, circularB, &c
PreBB for printing
a Bmall paper, $40.

Save money [ Mafce
money printing for
others ! Type-setting
easy. Printed rules.
Write for catalogue,
presses, type, cards,
etCy to factory.
KBLSkY & CO.
Meriden, Conn.

"THE ... . nCMCMnDr • - - - "the world's
LIGHT RUNNING" U U H III U 11 L GREATEST TYPEWRITER."

From the U. S. GOVERNMENT— Department of the Interior.

■Washinfi:ton, November 23, J895,«M
Densmore Typewriter Company, New Yorkt^

Gentlemen : Jt We have in use in the Bureatis of this Department
nearly eighty Densmore machines.t^'We have had no complaint
from the users of them ; hence we conclude they are giving entire
satisfaction..^ Respect'ytC-S'i^wtfrt') Hiram Buckingham, Custodian,

FREE-IlluBtrated pamphlet with commendations from leading i_ _ _ _ _
DENi^mORE TYPEWRITER CO., 31« Broadway, New York

F concerns.

BELTING of Various Styles, ELEVATORS, CONVEYORS,

COAL MINING and HANDLING MACHINERY.

The JEFFREY MANUFACTURING CO., COLUMBUS, O.

W Send for late Catalogue *'C." Branches: Chicago— Nbw Yore.

A

inCAQ l>EVEI.OPEl). Absolute secrecy. Send

i U t n O for particulars. Advice and 8U(r«e8tionB free.
Correspondence and sample orders solicited. 25 years
in business. Oiirdani & Son, 9S John St., New York.

o

o

Messrs. Munn & Co . Solicitors
of Patents, have bad nearly fifty
years' continuous experience. Any
one may quickly ascertain, free,
whether an invention probably is
patentable by writing to Munn & Co.
Communications strictly confiden-
tial. A handbook of patents and
bow to obtain them sent tree.

PATENTS

taken through Munn & Co. receive
special notice in the Scientmc Amer-
ican. This splendid weekly paper,
elegantly illustrated, has tbe largest
circulation of any scientific work.
9S a year. Specimen copies free.
AddresB MUNN & CO.,
New Vork, 361 Broadway*

o

o

Durable— Easily Applied.

Tbisrooflne is manufactured
from natural Trinidad asphalt
materials, and will not dry up
and become brittle under ex-
posure to the weather as coal-
tar rooflncB do. iW Sefnd for
free sample of roof 12 years old ,
with circular and price Uat t o
WAKREN CHEMICAL

A^ niFG. CO.,
S5 Fulton S^treet,

New York, U.S.A.

^.J* ^x?" «? i^ ^f* „<f ^ jy ^ i?^ «/ ■* jP ^
i^ J' /ccP -<?-^if''.>° *^*^ .!■*-» »!5-\'^ .

^/

?>\-"/s^\<?

Eclipse — — ^

Cream Separators

are Closest Skimmers, Most Durable,
Easiest Running, and far the Simplest
Hand or Power Separator on tbe
market. f^ Agents Wanted.

C. L. CHAPMAN SEPARATOR WORKS,
l.ITTI.E FALLS, N. Y.

1A# LJ XX IVI ^\Tr '"'fist Money, Energy,

and Brains Profitably?

The opportunity for Live Men with or without Technical Knowledge.

W^lllwRb I b Building Material.

/^j%nAwe^4A anil ^virfci^^tfl Tver^n constnictlon ahead of all other systems In efiect-
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/^j%nA««rk4A jBiiw-Fo A^a (pitched, nidged, ortooled). The resemblance between these and
X^tJIXX^M. « lf«? «3 UX XUil/«3B natural stone is perfect.
UNSIGHTLY CRACKS prevented by shrinkage joints, invisible, unobjectionable.

CONCK ETE WAIiLS built plumb by easily bandied and economical moldinft apparatus.
SIDEWALK LI GHTS-Ransome's Monolithic— latest, cheapest, and best.

RANSOJMK'S PATENT RIGHTS sold for States, counties, cities, or buildings.
DRAWINGS. i;IRCULARS. and complete information upon application.

RANSOME & SMITH CO., 622 Boyleston Building, CHICAGO.

Stereoptlcons, Magic Lan-
terns and Accessories.
Triple StereovtUxn f orProject
inb Views in Natural Colors.
Slides for Projection In
Natural Colors.

RAY.

fNew York

A LANTERN SLIDES

and other nOTelties. Self Cen-

teriii^ Arc Electric Focusi/ng

Lamps for Theatres, PlM)to-

Engravers, etc,

J. H. COLT •& CO.

115-117 Nassau St.

and 69 Fifth Ave.,

Send for Catalogue.
AGENCIES.
189 La Salle St.. Chlcaeo, 111'
131 Post St. , San Franclsco.Cal.
50 BromfleldSt., Boston, Mass.
33-39 So. Tenth St., Phlla., Pa.
415 N. Broadway, St. Louls.Mo.
1% Erie Co. Bank Bldg.,

Buffalo, N. Y.
23^ Marietta St., Atlanta. Ga.

-^^^'^^.^^

A Book of Tools

The " Scientific American "says of
the Book of Tools : " It is so excel-
lently made up, and is full of such
valuable information, that it fairly
eclipses many works sold simply on
their merits."

" A Book of Tools '* is our cata-
logue. 650 pages, over 2,000 illustra-
tions of Machinery, Tools and Sup-
plies of all kinds, and we will send a
copy free post-paid to any address

\]^0D receipt of 25 cents in stamps to cover cost of post-

age and advertlaing.

CHAS. A. STRELINGER & CO.

Detroit, Mich.

Address Advertising Dept.,
Boxl2H

[Aog^g^

OFTELEPHONES-

';^:zii^^'>^''^^^'c^^

rMIANUStCONti.

BUY
TELEPHONES

Thar are irnnd— not *' chrap ihiiieH." The difler-
ence in cost is little. We guarant&e our apparatus and
guarantee our customers against loss by patent suits.
Our guarantee and instruments are KOTH 4*OOIl.
WBSTBRN TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION CO.,
440 Monadnock Block, Chicago.
Largest Manufacturers of Telephones in the United State*

HELLO, CENTRAL!

Long Distance Granular Carbon Telephones 1
The "best" is the cheapest in the long run,
and ours are the best. A trial will convince
you. Money back if it don't. Exchanges invito
ed to take a pair on trial. Ten styles to choose
from. Drop a pobtal in the slot and get illus-
trated catalog and particulars by return mail.
PHCBNIX INTERIOR TELEPHONE CO.,
131 Liberty St., New fork.

ONLY PRACTICAL MAGAZINE CAMERA.

SUNART'S

"VENi, mi vici;

SUNART MAGAZINE,

SUNART FOLDINGS.

Send for Illustrated Cata-
logue— 2 cent stamp.
SUNART PHOTO CO., ROCHESTER, N. Y.

IWELL DRILLS

awarded Highest Medal at the World's Fair.
All latest Improvements. Catalogue free.

F. C. AUSTIN MFG. CO., CHICAGO, ILL.

IT r^ THE

SAVES
OIL. __ _^^

'" SAFETY

AUTOMATIC DOUBLE FEED
. . . CRANK PIN OILER.

ti currency or stamps will bring you a
^^ sample m oz. capacity. Money re-

Crank Pih Ojler funded if not satisfactory.
Penbertny liUecior Co., 1 1 6 Seventh St., Detroit, Mich.

^^^DEAFNESS

and HEAD NOISES relieved by using

Wilson's Common Sense Ear Drums.

New scientific invention, entirely different
in construction from all other devices. Assist the deaf
when all other devices fail, and where medical skill has
given no relief. Safe, comfortable, ana invisible; no
wire or string attachment Write for pamphlet.
WII.HON lOAIt DKL'M »I\NUFR. CO.,

Louisville Trust Co. Building, Louisville, Ky.,

^" Mention this paper, and 1122 Broadway, New York

E-STABLISHLD 1850.

THE DEFIANCE MACHINE WORKS

P°ER?r°sTDEFIANCE,OH10.U.S.A.

MANUFACTURERS OF SPECIAL
WOOD WORKING MACHINERY

FOR HUB, SPOKE, WHEEL.BEND-
ING, WAGON, CARRIAGE, SHAFT.
POL E, NECK- YOKt,SIN(iLE.TREE,
HANDLE 8. BARREL- HOOP FACTORIES.

LARGEST LINE IN THE WORLD
SATISFACTION GUARANTEED-

) 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

April 4, 1896.]

^tuntitit %mmtm.

223

FountUd by Mathew Carey, 1786.

HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.

In DCSTRi A L Publishers, Booksellers & Importebs
SIO Wnlnut s^c. Pbiladelphia. Pa.. U. !^. A.

^^ Our New aud Bevised Catalogue of Practical and
Scientific Books, 90 pages, 8to, and our other Cataloeues
and Circulars, the wbole covering every branch of Sci-
ence applied to the Arts, sent free and free of postage
to a ny one in an y part of the world wbo will f umiab bis
address.

Bl ».The Advertisement Writer...

should subscribe for THE Inland Pbinteb.
Its advertise men ta are an object lesson in
type composition. He should advertise in
lit also, and get his name before 11,000 read-
ers every month. Subscrintions, $2,00 per
year; $1.00 for 6 months. The Inland Printer
CompanT,212'214 Monroe Street, Chicago; 197
Potter Building, 38 Parlt Row, New York.

Murray 's Pat-
ent Hotating
Fans are inval-
uable for Res-
taurants, Ho-
tels. Meat Mar-
kets, Saloons,
Lunch Coun-
ters, Groceries,
Bakeries, Con-
fectioneries,
and in fact all
places troubled
with heat or
flies. The only
perfect Fan
made that can
be driven at
any speed with-
out disturbing
the belt.
Send for circular,

Prices, from $6 to $35.
Backus Water Motor Co.. tiEw^aii.

to
N.J

DYNAMOS & ELECTRIC MOTORS

Our 10 to 75 light Dynamos are
pronounced a success by all
who have them In use. High
grade, compound wound, self-
oiling, self-aligning bearings,
high efflciency and great durability
guaranteed. Lowest prices. Do your
own lighting,no experience required
Smid for catalogue mid prices. Com-
plete plants furnished.
KOTH BKOS. iSc CO., nifrs.,
30-34 market i^treet,

Chicago, III., IJ. k, A.

WAN T KD

All experienced man for Superintendent of a large
Bicycle Factory. Must be thoroughly conversant with
all mechanical details connected with the position, pos-
sess good executive ability and be a proficient cycle en-
ginaer Only a high grade man with these qualifications
need apply. Applications will be considered strictly
confidential. State experience. Address

WILLIAM
309 Broadway,

SCOTT.

New York City.

Automatic Circular Rib
^^^Knitting Machinery

for all kinds of Bibbed Uoods, Vests, Pants,
Sleeves, Sweaters, Tigbts, Skirts, and every-
thing known to the trade as ribbed goods.

SNYDER & FISHER,

LITTLE FALLS, N. Y.

COLLARS AND CUFFS.

MADE F FINE CLOTH I N ALL POPULAR STYLES.

Equal in Fit and Wear to finest linen

Not to be laundered ; when soiled reverse, then discord.

LUXURIOUS and ECONOMICAL.

Sold at nil leadine Gents' Furaishinc Stores, b ut if not found
send twenty-flve centsfor a Dox often <)ollarB
or five iiairs of CuflTa. naming the aize and strle.

H^-Sample Collar and pair of Cuffs tent /or O CENTS.
Revebsible C0L1.AB Co. Boston, 77 Franklin St.,New York

CLARK'S PATENTED i ■

Rotary Upholstery Brush.

Moth Exterminator. For cleaning Button
Indentations In Furniture. Carriage Linings,
Mattresses, etc. " No moths live where this brash la
Qsed." Agents wanted everywhere. Sample by mail, SO
cents. ET. H. PHlI'LIPiS &. CO.. (Sole Owners,
ISO WaHhingtoa Sireet, Boston, mass.

JWatchmau's Improved Time Detector

Swithl2or24 Keys, with
Safety Lock attach-
ment. Patented
1875-6-7. Myinven-
k tions, and will sue
1 all coDcerns selling
Jorusing tbe Safety
iLock attucbment.
raccording to De-
cision of Circuit
Court of U. S. for
S. D. of N.Y.
Send for circulars to
. 20c Broadway, New York. P. O. Box 2875.

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on news stands.

Nearly every issue contains the latest reports of
discoveries and experiments by leading scientists
in Europe and America on

ROENTGEN PHOTOGRAPHY,

Also the latest news i n all departments o f Science
and Enifineerini?, Abstracts and Beporls of the
lenHinR Scientiflc Societies all over the world, etc
Address

MUNN & COMPANY,
361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

ONE WATCHMAN

can successfully fight a fire in your factory if his hose is
equipped with that wonderful invention, the

Great Ball Nozzle.

It covers a vast area at once, drives back the smoke as It
quenches the flame, and it breaks nothing, as its force
is distributed. It is easily bandied by a child, but yuur
watchman could not hold- a straiffht stream nozzle alone.
Colored ill\iat'iated Booklet free. l^~ See illustrated article in
Scientilic American^ July 13, 1896. Manufactured solely by the

THE BALL DOES IT ALL." Amencaii Ball Nozzle Co., 831 B'way, N.Y. City

W^

. Permanently Prevented

onMachiney,Tsols,Guns and CjfcleswiHl

MANNOCITIN^

nierrill's Ijevelinv Instrument

An attachment to a common level.
Has all the essential requirements of ex-
pensive leveling instruments. For Car-
penters, Builders. Masons, etc. Price ¥5,
express} prepaid to any part of the U- 8.
B. G, IHerrill. Oak Park, III.

iWi

for
Cir's.

HARTFORD TIRES

STANDARD Sl^fJITlBES

kK

HARTFORD

^i MUl

TIRE

THE

hartford
Rubber Works Co."'^?^^?!*"

At i Price

ALCO

VAPOR LAUNCH.

Engine and helm, controlled
from bow. Latest Improved and
only 12 to 1 motor now ready for
the market. 18 to 40 ft launches
2, 3, 6 and 7 h. p. No licensed en-
gineer or pilot required. Speed
and safety guaranteed. No dan-
gerous naphtha or gasoline used.

Marine Vapor Encine Co., Jersey City. N. J.

NO FIRE, SMOKE, OR HEAT, ABSOLUTELY SAFE.

8230 anA up. ^T* Send Sir OataiOQfU.
Truscott Boat Mtg. Co., Drawer 9, St. Joseph, Mich.

High
Grade

Bicycles

Shipped anywhere
\C. O. D., at lowest
Ijwbolesale prices.

ll9100H>>kwood*for$57.60
/$8fi 'ArllDgtoD' •• 946.00
96fi » '* 9S7.&0

•20 Blarele » $10.75
IiAlMt models, fully niaranteed; pneumatic tiree; weight 17^ to
Sp Ibi, ; all styles and prices. Large illustrated catalogue frea.

Ca«hBuyers'Union,162W.VanBurenSt.B-131Chicago

Bicycles, Watcb«B Gutb, Buggies HnmesB,
Sowing >I Bchlne* Organs Pi.inos Sul'e(i,Tooln
Scales of a 11 virieties and lOOO other articles
Lists free. Chicago Scalb Co. , Chicago, 1)1. j

The Name "HUNTER ". . .

) never was pnt on anything that wasn't first-class.
I That name has stood for simple, plain, unvar-
nished intcKrity. and hence It Is pttt on tbe . . .

. . HUNTER CYCLES

t^" Send for Catalogue.
HUNTER ARMS CO.. Fulton, N. Y.

AMERICA'S FAVORITES.

Are Built in the Largest and Best Equipped Factory on Earth.

Car unequaled facilities enable us to supply better bicycles for less money
than other makers can aSord to market an inferior production, hence in pur-
chasing a Waverley there is a clear saving of $15.00 or mora A higher grade
bicycle, it is impossible to produce. Our catalogue explains all. Send for It.

INDIANA BICYCLE CO., Indianapolis, Ind.

DO YOU
. PLAY
CARDS?

Send ten cents

in stamps for

a pair of our

new

QAMB

COUNTERS

INDIANA

BICYCLE CO.

Indianapolii.

Ind.

THIEF P ROOF

Shannon Bicycle l^ock and Holder
holds wheel upright and ioclis it se-
curely. Safe from borrowing friends
or bicycle thieves. Holder loclis to
wall or object and conceals the mode
of attachment and cannot be tamper-
ed with. Makes a safety deposit for
the bicycle. All keys ditlerent. If
dealer hasn't them, we will send on
receipt of $2.00 for wall holder or $2.50
for floor holder. SAFETY MFG.
CO.. 65 ». Canal St., Chicafto.

. WE ARE BUILDING .

The Celebrated

"HORNSBY-AKROYD

-^ OIL ENBINE

The De LaVergne Refrigerating IHachine Co.

Foot E. 138th street, new YORK.

^ -^ 2-— ■

, tsll^ " AND — .mCTC -

, -^ BALTIMORE.MD.-^ -

MANUFACTURERS ANDDtSIGNERS OF ALL KINDS OF

HEAVY MACHINERY,

Requiring FirstCiassWorkmanship and materials
-PLANED Gt'^i^^-

PUOLt-LEFFEL TURBINE
■ o^ WATER-WHEELS.^^

The Duquid Cycle Saddle

for Ladies* use. Broad and comfortable, and (guaran-
teed to hold Its shape. Most sensible and serviceable
Saddle in the market. Twenty years' experience in
workinff leather enables us to make good this claim.

All styles Gentlemen's Saddles also. Ask for the

** l>uiruid.** If your dealer will not supply you, we

will send, prepaid, on receipt of price: Ladies', $4,00;

Gentlemen's, $3.50. Fu/mishedtvUh clip for Tor L seat post

THE DUGUID SADDLERY CO.. Syracuse, rt.\.

ICE

OIAt;HINE!«. CorllRH Encineii. Itrpn-pra'
and Butilern* illachinery. The Vilter
Mfo. Co., 899 Clinton Street, Milwaukee. Wis.

H EER PARK

ON THE CREST OF THE ALLEGHENIES.

(Main Line B & O. B.R.)

SEASON OPENyiNE 22d, 1896.

Furnished cottages, with facilities for house-
keeping, if desired. For terms apply to
GEO, D. DeSHIELDS, Manager,

CUMBEBLAND, MD,

R

ubber Hand5 and Feet

WHICH AEB THE MOST WONDEEFOL THINGS ABOUT

Marks' Patent Artificial Limbs,

enable men, women, and children to pursue their daily duties without Inconvenience. Durable,
comfortable, natural in appearance and motions. Over 17,000 in use throughout the world. Sup-
plied to the U. 8. and oth er governments. Large illus. book a/nd formvla for self measurenuntt free.

A. A. MARKS, 701 Broadway, NEW YORK CITY.

HOME STUDY

An Elementary Journal

FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS

Including all readers of Technical Books and Period-
icals. Meohanical and ATCbitectnral Drawing Exer-
cises. Home Studt makes a Specialty of teacDlng its
readers bow to make and read Mechanical and Archi-
tectural Drawings, bample copy sent free on application
Address, HUAIB STUDY, Scraiitou, I'a.

ShOrthflnd by MSil portera. catalogue and Arsi
lesson Pree. Potts Shorthand College, WilUamBport, Pa.

CI>Dni I 6AIH6 Foot Paver Machinery, TooIb,
aWlfULL 9HI«9 Forges, Drills, etc. Send tofor
catalogue. Wllbliuao Co., 8SBaadalphSt,,<~ ~

MANY ^%V^ OF MANY ferol ^or

Catalogue J. H. RUSHTlIN, Canton, N. V.

TYPE WHEEL!. MODEL! t-EXPERIMENT«l-WORK.aMUl.>IKHIIIEin
NOVELTlEa fcETC. HEW YORK gTEWOL WO W 100 NAaaHU BT W.T.

DEAF:

NESS & HEAD NOISES CURED

by my Invisible Tubular Ear CushionB. WhlBpers beard.
warranted to help more cases thati all Bimilar devices
combined. Help ean* as glasses do eyes. Sold ^yPprC

r.Uiacox only, 853 Br'dway.N.Y. Send for bookoEproofaf

Want Anything
Done in London?

Gentleman goine there for a
few weelis would execute com-
missions on reasonable terms.
J. S.G.,419Po8t.Tel.Bldg.,N.Y,

Uf AUTCn -^ thoroughly competent man of ex-
fVnll I CU perience to take charge of Bicycle De-

Sartment In large manuf actu ring plant. Address,
tICYCI.E, P. O. Box 773, NEW YORK.

VOLNEY W. MA80N & CO.

FRICTION PDLLEYS. CLDTCHES, and ELEVATORS

PROVIDENCE. R. I.

AQTRniinMin a rincb diameter Reflecting Tele-
nO I nunUlfllU scope. 4 feet focus, on strong iron
stand, achromatic flnderand 3 oculars. Also a 12 inch
silvered glass speculum, 5 ft. focus ; and a 9 inch dia-
meter ditto, 4 ft. focus, of fine quality, and 2 diagonal
S lanes, for sale cheap. tiERBKRT TYDEIttAN,
1^2 Bailey &»treet, Camden, New Jersey.

O Catalogue

' W. & D.MOG EY.

B AYO N N E CITY. N.J,

IRAUGHTING

or Sl'RVEVING taught

by mail. Earn 950 to |lOO
■ ■ a month. Positions secured. 2c. stamp for cata-
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To Inventors and IVIanufacturers

A large manufacturing concern witb a well established
trade desires to take in a new line. Will buy a good
article outright or manufacture tbe same on a royalty.
The article in question to be in iron of metai line.
Address P. 8., care of Scientific American.

ARB0RUNDUM

, _ ST ABRASIVE KNOWN. EMERY AND
3lAMOND_POWDeR SUBSTITIXTE. IN FLOUR7

,.50WDER.-CRYSTALrWHEELrSL AB i HONE FORM.

ICAKBORUfmUM Co. MONONGAHELA CITr. PA. U.S./IL

WOODEN TANKS.

ForRailroads.Mlllsand Manufactories.

Builders of Steel Towers and Tanks.

La. Bed Cypress Wood Tanks a specialty.

vv. E. (^A i,i»wi;m. CO..

217E. Main Street. Louisville, Ky.

FIRE BRICK

i ....... I»" Send for

FOR ALL
PURPOSES.

l^" Send f&r Prices and Catalogue.
BROOKLYN FIUE BRICK WOllIi!*.
»«8 Van Dyke Street. BKOUKI.YN, N. Y.

" Air Cushion " Rubber Stamps

ALWAYS MAKE A GOOD PRINT.

Stamp, Stencil and Seal Supplies,

Wholesale and Retail.
THE R. H. SMITH MFG. CU.,
Sprinfflield. Mass.

I

Hawl(ins' "Aids" to Engineers

EXAMINATIONS, with Questions and An-
swers, f^ zTH. leather, Kilt edge, i$2, postpaid.
Send for FREE Descriptive Catalogue of this
and other EnKineera' Books. THBO. AUDBI,
& CO., 91 Liberty Street, NEW YORK, N. Y.

SMALL MOTORS for All Purposes.

The best manufactured. Specially adapted fo

all kinds of liRht work, sewing machine outfits

toys, dental drills, jewelers' lathes, models,

etc. Send for Catalogue. TheLICAVlTT

MOTOR CO., Manufacturers of Electric

Motors and Electrical Specialties, 12*-i

IMitchell St., X>ROVll>ENCJ£» R. I.

?8u USE GRINDSTONES?

tf 80, we can supply you. All sizes
iiiiMiiireil and ii hiimmiiiii'iI. always
kept in stock. Remember, we make a

speciaityof selecting stones for all spe-
cial purposes. K7~ Ask for catalogue.

The (:i.li:VEL.ANU STONE (^O.

2d Floor. Wilahire. Cleveland, 0.

STEREOPTICONS.
MAGIC LANTERNS and

ACCESSORIES, SEND FOR CATALOGUE

TO CHA5 BESE.LERMAKER2I8CENFRE ST.

NEW YORK.

ACETYLENE GAS AND CARBIDE OF

Calcium.— All about the new illuminnnt, its quiilities.
chemistry, pressure of liquefaction, its probable Future,
experiments performed with it. A most valuable series
of articles, giving in complete form the particulars of
this subject. A pparatus for making the gas. Contained
in Scientific American Supplement, Noa. 998.
1004, 1007, 101^.2, 1014. 1015, 1010, 10*it2.
1035 and 1038, The most recent apparatus of sini-
pleand more elaborate type described and illuRtruterl
In special acetylene Supplement No. 1 057* Price 10
cents each. To be had at this ofiQce and from all news-
dealers.

They have n tone that's
a ll thflr own .....

TUC U C 11/ ai*e the stand-
in b n C ft ard of excel-

DEPARTURE iTr,"!

DEI I C over. Made in 16
DCLLo different styles
and prices. Send postal for
booklet to TH V. fit. W l>E.
PARTURE BELI. CO.,
'i\0 North Main Mtreer,
Bristol, Conn., U. iS. A.

llVDIIflTICM Sixty methods, $6. My Process, (2.
nirnUIIOni lOO pane book, lOo. Key topower.
30c Prof. Andenon, 8 A 4 UaBonlo Temple, C&icaffo.

) 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

224

Scientific Smmcaw.

(April 4, 1896.

THE VICTOR
REAR HUB

is the most expensive hub on the
market. Hade of crucible steel in one
piece, and will never wear out.

DON'T BE
SATISFIED

with the cheap hubs offered on
wheels of inferior make.

No loose sprockets and
No loose ball seats on

VICTOR BICYCLES.

OVERMAN WHEEL CO.

NEW YORK. BOSTON. DETROIT. DENVER

SAN FRANCISCO. LOS ANGELES. PORTLAND, ORE.

Improvement the Order of the Age.

Three New Model

SmithPremier^yP^^"^^^^

Nos. 2, 3 AND 4

HAVE YOU EXAMINED THEM ?

Many Improvements Heretofore Overlooked by Other Manufacturers.

Address THE SMITH PREMIER TYPEWRITER COMPANY, Syracuse, N. Y., U.S.A.

Branch Offices in Twenty-Nine Principal Cities in the United States.

CUPIUCC noilt>r-i nil
L n U I n C O I and Second-h,

^'Machinery & Siipplif

I Xnciiinc Tool^.

aiul. Si-nd stamp for
P. Davis. Rochester,

New
I'fif'i'r
\. Y.

The

American
Bell Telephone
Company,

125 Milk Street,
Boston, Mass.

This Company owns Letters-
Patent No. 463,569, s^ranted
to Emile Berliner ,\o\em-
ber 17, i8gi, for a combined
Telegraph and Telephone,
covering all forms of
Microphone Transmitters
or contact Telephones.

There is hardly a USE OF POWER

in Factory, Mill, Store, Office,
Elevator, Creamery, or Sbop-
or on the Farm, the

ii

CHARTER

J)

i« not now filling. It is also run-
iiiiiy Boats, Well I>rills. Pumps,
Dynauiiis. 'JMirf^sliinj; Machines,
etc. Of ctiurse it also uses Gas-

ENGINE CO., P.O.Box 148. Sterling. Ill

Whit ham IVatches

Made by the American Waltham
Watch Co. are the best and most
reliable timekeepers made in this
or any other country.

Ask to see the name "Riverside "or "Royal ' ' engraved
on the plates, and alwa^'S the word "Waltham."
For sale by all retail jewelers.

Unequalled
in Strength

The high-carbon steel and nickel steel
used in the tubing of Columbia bicycles
have no equal in their power to resist
the strains to which a bicycle frame is
put. This tubing is all made in the
Columbia mills especially for Columbias

Standard of the World

Columbias in quality and con- ^ I A O

struction are in a class ^lUU

by themselves. to ail alike

The Columbia Catalogue, handsomest art
work of the year, is free from the Columbia
agent, or is mailed for two 2-cent stamps.

POPE MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn.

Columbia Brancli Houses and Agencies
are almost everywhere.

DOES
ANY-
THING
PHOTOGRAPHIC-

^"^ Pocket
Kodak.

Poclcpt Kodnk, londeil Tor 12 plelures, 1^ :i2, ■ $5.00

Devolopin^aiiil Trintiii^ Uulllt, . • . 1.50

EASTMAN KODAK CO.

Sample tluto and booklet ROCHESTER, N. Y.

for two 3-cenl scamps.

>-"- FOR TOOLS, SAWS ETC.

\Hti JESSOP & SONS L!" 91 JOHN ST. NEW YORK

PRIESTMAN SAFETY OIL ENGINE

*' Phenomenally low in cost oj operation."— Friink\in Inst.

'"''^'sTEASr Kerosene, NOT Gasoline
NOR

KNCIXKKIJ

Rconoraical, Simole, Safe. An-
tomatio. For Electric Light-
las, Pumping, Milling, etc.

PRIESTMAN & COMPANY, Inc.

Front and Tasker !«lI'eel^. - - ihiliulenilini

AGENTS

WANTED FoRFINETOOiSlNEVERYSHOp.

c.TA.oair C.H.BESLY& CO;

ANDAGENCY. CHICAGO, ILL.U.S.ft.

PRIIffTIItfG INKS

The SCIKNTIFIC AMKRirAX is printed with ('HAS.
KNRU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK, Tentli and l^onitmid
Sts., Philadelphia, and J? Ro«e ^t., opp. Duane. New York

THE ACKNOWLEDGED

PULVERIZER

Of All Refractory Substances

Is the GriTTin IVIMI| whose first cost, wear, and operating ex-
pense is Such less than stamp mills, and which yields a larger product
at less cost than any other mill, with perfect success in every instance.
It will work by either the wet or dry process, and deliver a uni-
formly sized finished product of from 30 to 350 Mesh, with equal facility.
Its capacity is 3 to 4 tons per hour on Phosphate Rock, i ^ to 2 tons per
hour on Portland Cement, Quartz Ores, etc.

Correspondence solicited, and illustrated descriptive catalogue sent free by mail on application to

Bradley Pulverizer Co., no. 92 state street, Boston.

) 1 896 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.